Sonu Sharma

 Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans who in 1848 tried to unify German-confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.  Failure of Frankfurt Parliament meant that German Unification had to come through combined forces of monarchy and the military supported by large landowners (called Junkers of Prussia.  In 1848, Prussia took leadership of movement for Unification.  Its Chief Minister, Otto Von Bismarck along with Prussian army and bureaucracy helped in unification.  3 wars over 7 years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification of Germany.  On 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the prices of German states, representatives of the army, Prussian ministers including Otto Von Bismarck gathered in Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim new German Empire.  Hence, on 18 Jan 1871, the Prussian King, Kaiser William I, was proclaimed German Emperor.

Marianne and Germania were both female allegories invented by artists in 19th century to represent the nation. MARIANNE (a popular Christian name):  She was the allegory of France.  It showed the idea of people’s nation.  Her characteristics were of Liberty and Republic-the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.  Her statues were erected in public squares to remind public the national symbol of unity.  Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps. GERMANIA:  Became the allegory of German nation.  She wears a crown of oak leaves, as German oak stands for heroism.  She was hung from the ceiling of Church of St. Paul where Frankfurt parliament was convened in March 1848.

FOR WEALTHY BRITHISH 1. For wealthy British, there had long been an annual ‘London Season’ in the 18th century. 2. Several cultural events, such as opera, theatre and classical music performances were organized for an elite group of 300-400 families. FOR WORKING CLASSES 3. Working classes met in pubs to have a drink, exchange news and to organize for political action. 4. Libraries, art galleries and museums were established to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British. INDUSTRIAL WORKERS 5. Many industrial workers spent their holidays by the sea, so as to derive the benefits of the sun and bracing winds. FOR LOWER CLASSES 6. Music halls were popular among the lower classes. 7. By the 19th century cinema became the great mass entertainment for mixed audiences.

• India is one of world’s richest countries in terms of biodiversity, - It has 8% species of plants and animals of the world (estimated to be 1.6 million ) - Over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of flora are found in India. - 15,000 flora are flowering species are endemic to India • 10 % of India’s wild flora and 20 % mammals are threatened. • 79 species of mammals, 44 of birds, 15 of reptiles, and 3 of amphibians are threatened. • 1,500 plant species are endangered and vertebrate animals have become extinct at a rate 50 to 100 times the average expected natural rate.