Give examples of the cosmopolitan character of the states set up by Arabs, Iranians and Turks.

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Arabs, Iranians, and Turks have historically created states with diverse and cosmopolitan characteristics, often resulting from their expansive conquests and interactions with different cultures. Here are some examples:

1. The Arab Caliphates: During the early Islamic period, the Arab Caliphates, such as the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, established vast empires spanning from the Iberian Peninsula to Central Asia. These empires were known for their cultural and intellectual flourishing, exemplified by cities like Baghdad, Cordoba, and Cairo. These cosmopolitan centers attracted scholars, scientists, and traders from various ethnicities and religious backgrounds, leading to a rich exchange of ideas in fields like science, philosophy, and literature.

2. The Persian Empires: Iran, with its rich history dating back to ancient times, has been a melting pot of cultures due to its strategic location on the crossroads of trade routes between East and West. The Persian Empires, such as the Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanian Empires, embraced diversity and allowed different ethnic and religious groups to coexist within their territories. Cities like Persepolis, Susa, and Ctesiphon became centers of trade, commerce, and learning, attracting people from across the known world.

3. The Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire, spanning three continents at its height, was renowned for its cosmopolitanism and religious tolerance. Cities like Constantinople (Istanbul), Smyrna (Izmir), and Salonica (Thessaloniki) were vibrant hubs of multiculturalism, where Muslims, Christians, Jews, and people of other faiths lived side by side. The Ottomans promoted cultural exchange through institutions like the Ottoman court, where artists, scholars, and diplomats from different backgrounds interacted and contributed to the empire's intellectual and artistic heritage.

In conclusion, the states established by Arabs, Iranians, and Turks were characterized by their cosmopolitan nature, fostering cultural exchange, intellectual innovation, and religious tolerance. These diverse societies left a lasting legacy on the regions they governed, shaping the cultural landscape of the Middle East, Central Asia, and beyond.