What frameworks replaced servlets and JSP?

Servlets and JSP (JavaServer Pages) are foundational technologies in Java web development, and they continue to be widely used. However, over time, developers and organizations have adopted additional frameworks that complement or provide alternatives to traditional servlets and JSP. Some of these frameworks offer enhanced features, simplify development, and follow modern best practices. Here are a few notable frameworks that are commonly used in conjunction with or as replacements for servlets and JSP:

1. Spring Framework:

   • Role: Spring is a comprehensive framework for building Java-based enterprise applications. It includes various modules, such as Spring MVC for web development.
   • Features:
     • Dependency injection for managing object dependencies.
     • Aspect-oriented programming for cross-cutting concerns.
     • Spring MVC for building web applications, providing an alternative to traditional servlets and JSP.
     • Integration with other technologies, including data access, messaging, and security.

2. JavaServer Faces (JSF):

   • Role: JSF is a Java web application framework that simplifies the development of user interfaces. It provides a component-based architecture for building web applications.
   • Features:
     • Component-based development using custom UI components.
     • Managed bean model for handling user input and application logic.
     • Integration with Java EE technologies.

3. Apache Struts:

   • Role: Apache Struts is a web application framework for building Java-based enterprise applications. It follows the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern.
   • Features:
     • MVC architecture for organizing code into models, views, and controllers.
     • Configurable through XML files.
     • Supports server-side validation and form handling.

4. Thymeleaf:

   • Role: Thymeleaf is a modern server-side Java template engine that works well with both servlets and Spring MVC.
   • Features:
     • Natural template syntax that can be viewed in browsers.
     • Seamless integration with Spring MVC.
     • Extensibility and customization.
     • Support for both HTML and XML templates.

5. Vaadin:

   • Role: Vaadin is a Java web framework for building business-oriented, single-page web applications. It simplifies UI development by allowing developers to build user interfaces in Java.
   • Features:
     • UI components are created and manipulated in Java.
     • Server-side rendering for dynamic UIs.
     • Automatic communication between the client and server.

6. Play Framework:

   • Role: Play Framework is a reactive web application framework designed for building scalable and fast web applications.
   • Features:
     • Asynchronous programming model for high concurrency.
     • Hot reloading during development.
     • Convention over configuration.
     • Integration with Akka for actor-based concurrency.

7. Micronaut:

   • Role: Micronaut is a modern, JVM-based framework designed for building microservices and serverless applications.
   • Features:
     • Lightweight and fast startup.
     • Dependency injection and aspect-oriented programming.
     • Native image compilation for reduced memory footprint.

It's important to note that servlets and JSP are still widely used, especially in existing applications and projects. The frameworks mentioned above often complement servlets and JSP or provide alternatives for specific use cases. The choice of framework depends on factors such as project requirements, team expertise, and the desired development paradigm.