What is the actual cause for current. ? 1. Electron's movement 2. charge's movement Hint: what is the difference between electron and a charge.

what is the difference between electron and a charge? The unit of charge (called Coulombs, after the physicist who coined it) was developed before people knew about electrons and protons. When they discovered the source of the charge, they measured how much of the already established unit of charge was carried by a single electron. Since for most purposes, there are lots and lots of electrons involved, it's easier to use the older system. However, there is another system where the charge of an electron is 1e (e being the unit of electron charge). Different units are used for different purposes. The natural units system relies on setting fundamental constants to 1 unit and bases everything else off that. e is the charge of an electron. c is the speed of light, and h is plank's constant. In quantum mechanics, where they deal with individual atoms, these units are often used instead of meters, seconds, coulombs, kilograms, etc. Charge - there are two kinds of charge, positive and negative - like charges repel, unlike charges attract - positive charge comes from having more protons than electrons; - - negative charge comes from having more electrons than protons - charge is quantized, meaning that charge comes in integer multiples of the elementary charge e - charge is conserved read less

Charge is a particle's capability to make an electric influence. This capability is called its charge. The influence is called Electric Force, and for a given space where it affects, is termed as Electric Field. Electron on the other hand is the particle, which has this capability. As for the movements, charge doesnt move. Electron does. But since the charge is embedded in the electron, many literature convey that charge moved. read less

The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e? or ??, with a negative elementary electric charge.[7] Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family,[8] and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure.[1] The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.[9] Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value in units of ?, which means that it is a fermion. Being fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle.[8] Like all matter, electrons have properties of both particles and waves, and so can collide with other particles and can be diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons is easier to observe with experiments than that of other particles like neutrons and protons because electrons have a lower mass and hence a higher De Broglie wavelength for typical energies. read less

ANSWER A. Charge: Charge, like mass (another physical quantity popularly known) is a fundamental property of an elementary particle. (i) Like mass, charge is also additive, that is, if a few number of fundamental particles of known charges are placed close by within an object (this is the case when we charge the leaves of an electroscope, or more commonly rub a plastic object with wool), we say the total charge of the object is the sum of the individual charges of the mentioned particles. (ii) Charge is a scalar in all situations including all the situations studied till modern times and hence has the property of remaining invariant from one observer to another, regardless of the relative movements [whether with acceleration or without acceleration (the latter mentioned motion has meaning in physics only when we say relative motion) between the observers] or the environment of gravity [the situation of of an observer experiencing gravity identified to be the case same as the observer experiencing any type of acceleration(not necessarily gravitational) and also realized as in an environment of altered space and time behaviour ever since Einstein]. (iii) Charge as a scalar is a conserved quantity (means sum total of the same in a closed system (a system not exchanging particles to the surroundings remains invariant) under all the circumstances discussed as above - remember, the mass, as normally understood does not remain so (owing to mass – energy equivalence discovered by Einstein). (iv) Charges are known to be of two kinds, positive and negative. Charges of same kind repel and of opposite kinds attract. The fundamental particles electrons and protons carry negative and positive charges respectively. There are also particles such as neutrons and photons which are charge-wise neutral. (v) As there is an inverse square law named after Coulomb the charges can be quantified and the unit of charge in SI units itself is called Coulomb. Electrons and protons, though of opposite kind, have equal (in magnitude) charges. (vi) The charges don’t exist less than those possessed by an electron or a proton and so their individual charge (approximately equal to 1.6*10 to the power (-19) Coulomb is also called the fundamental charge). (vii) Composite particles [microscopic and yet consisting of a few number of fundamental particles (note: proton in the modern context is no more a composite particle, though having a net charge equal to the fundamental charge) ] such as atoms, molecules etc. are charge wise neutral as there are equal number of protons and neutrons in them. If one or a few electrons (protons are not easy to be removed and if protons are at all removed, immediately equal number of electrons also will go away) from a molecule or an atom or added to it is called an ion and it is a charged composite particle. Summary: So, in short, an electron is a fundamental particle and charge is a property of fundamental particles (an electron being one) and can be present or look like being absent (on being neutralized by equal number of electrons and protons) in a macroscopic object/composite particle. Besides, it is a conserved quantity under all known circumstances till the modern times. B. CURRENT: Movement of charges is essentially known as current. There are dc currents and ac currents. dc currents are comprised of movement of real charges or holes (effective (not real) particles which are positively charged) where as ac currents are accounted in terms of movements of real physical charges and holes and what was coined as ‘displacement currents’ by J C Maxwell. In vacuum we can have currents due to positively charged particles of positive ions and protons as well as electrons (negatively charged). With ac fields currents being present, displacement currents also apply. In solids we have currents due to electrons. Besides, we introduce holes which are effective (not real, physical) particles. Holes are created when electrons are not uniformly distributed about the atomic nucleus. This creates a space of charge deficiency and this region of charge density also moves like a charge. This movement of electron deficiency is accounted by positive effective particles which we call as holes. A holes (being not real) can have a charge less than the fundamental charge too. Displacement current also are present in solids. However, the conduction of current in solid is dealt by quantum mechanics. Displacement current is a concept unifying electricity with magnetism. It is proportional to rate of change of electric field at a given point and higher level physics is needed to understand it. This displacement current (proportional to rate of change of electric firld) contributes to magnetic field the same way as a real current does and hence the unification between electric and magnetic field in due. However, no real charge is associated with it as this current does not violate the conservation of charge. Direction of current is conventionally the direction of flow of positive charges. This means when electrons moves in a direction, conventionally the current due to it is taken in the opposite direction as that of the electrons. Pankaj posted a Question in Class XI-XII Tuition (PUC) What is the actual cause for current. ? 1. Electron's movement 2. charge's movement Hint: what is the difference between electron and a charge. ------------------ read less