What is meant by communalism?

Communalism refers to a social phenomenon where individuals primarily identify themselves based on their membership in a particular religious or ethnic community rather than on their individual identities or broader societal affiliations. In this context, communalism often involves the prioritization of group interests over individual interests, leading to social division and conflicts.

Key Characteristics of Communalism:

• Group Identification: Communalism is characterized by strong group identification, where individuals align themselves with their religious or ethnic community.

• Exclusivity: Communalism often promotes exclusivity, wherein individuals perceive their own community as superior to others, leading to feelings of distrust or hostility towards those outside their group.

• Polarization: Communalism tends to polarize societies, fostering an "us versus them" mentality and exacerbating social divisions.

• Conflict: Communalism frequently leads to intergroup conflicts, as tensions arise between different religious or ethnic communities over resources, power, or perceived threats to their identities.

Examples of Communalism in Societal Contexts:

• Religious Communalism: In societies where religion plays a significant role, communalism may manifest through religious conflicts or tensions between different religious groups, such as Hindus and Muslims in India or Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland.

• Ethnic Communalism: Ethnic communalism occurs when individuals prioritize their ethnic identity over other social identities, leading to ethnic-based conflicts or discrimination, as seen in conflicts between different ethnic groups in Rwanda or Yugoslavia.

Impact of Communalism on Society:

• Social Division: Communalism contributes to social fragmentation, weakening the sense of solidarity and collective identity within a society.

• Political Instability: Communal tensions can destabilize governments and political systems, as politicians may exploit communal sentiments for their own gain, leading to electoral polarization or even violence.

• Economic Disparities: Communalism can exacerbate economic inequalities by perpetuating discrimination against certain communities, hindering their access to resources, opportunities, and social mobility.

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