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Azeotropes are mixtures of liquids that have constant boiling points and compositions. In simpler terms, when two or more substances are mixed together to form an azeotrope, the resulting mixture boils at a specific temperature without changing its composition. This means that during the process of distillation, where the mixture is heated to separate its components based on their boiling points, the composition of the azeotropic mixture remains constant throughout the process.
Azeotropes can be classified into two main types:
Minimum boiling azeotropes: In these azeotropes, the boiling point of the mixture is lower than the boiling point of any of the individual components. This typically occurs when the components form a mixture with positive deviation from Raoult's Law.
Maximum boiling azeotropes: Here, the boiling point of the mixture is higher than the boiling point of any of the individual components. This usually happens when the components form a mixture with negative deviation from Raoult's Law.
Azeotropes have practical implications, especially in industries such as chemistry and petroleum refining, where separation processes are crucial. They can complicate distillation processes because they don't behave like ideal mixtures according to Raoult's Law, which states that the partial vapor pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is proportional to its mole fraction in the mixture.
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