How does Cu-T act as an effective contraceptive for human females?[

Copper-T (Cu-T) is a type of intrauterine device (IUD) used as a contraceptive method for human females. It is a small, T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider.

The primary mechanism of action of Cu-T as a contraceptive is its effect on sperm viability and motility, as well as its impact on the uterine environment, making it less conducive to fertilization and implantation. Here's how it works:

1. Copper ions: The Cu-T device is made of plastic and wrapped in copper wire. Copper ions are released continuously into the uterine cavity. These copper ions have spermicidal effects, impairing the sperm's ability to move (motility) and reducing its viability, thereby preventing fertilization.

2. Inflammatory response: The presence of copper in the uterine cavity also triggers an inflammatory response. This response creates an environment that is hostile to sperm, making it difficult for them to survive in the uterus and travel to the fallopian tubes to fertilize an egg.

3. Thickening of cervical mucus: Copper ions released by the Cu-T device can also alter the consistency of cervical mucus, making it thicker and more difficult for sperm to penetrate and reach the uterus.

4. Preventing implantation: In some cases, if fertilization does occur despite the above mechanisms, the presence of the Cu-T device in the uterus can interfere with the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine lining, thereby preventing pregnancy.

Overall, Cu-T acts as an effective contraceptive by employing multiple mechanisms to prevent sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg, as well as creating an environment within the uterus that is inhospitable to both sperm survival and embryo implantation.