9. Explain about multi-purpose river valley project. Give its objectives.

Multi-purpose river valley projects are large-scale infrastructural developments aimed at harnessing the potential of rivers for various purposes such as irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, flood control, navigation, and overall regional development. These projects typically involve the construction of dams, reservoirs, canals, and other associated infrastructure.

The objectives of multi-purpose river valley projects can vary depending on the specific needs and conditions of the region, but some common objectives include:

1. Irrigation: One of the primary objectives is to provide water for irrigation to agricultural lands in order to increase agricultural productivity and ensure food security.

2. Hydroelectric Power Generation: These projects harness the potential energy of flowing water to generate electricity through hydroelectric power plants. This helps in meeting the growing demand for electricity and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

3. Flood Control: Dams and reservoirs built as part of multi-purpose projects can regulate the flow of water in rivers, thereby mitigating the risk of floods during periods of heavy rainfall or snowmelt.

4. Navigation: By regulating water flow and maintaining minimum water levels, these projects can facilitate navigation along rivers, promoting trade and transportation.

5. Water Supply: Multi-purpose projects also serve the purpose of providing water for domestic, industrial, and other non-agricultural uses in the region.

6. Recreation and Tourism: Reservoirs created by these projects often become recreational spots for activities such as boating, fishing, and tourism, contributing to local economies.

7. Regional Development: By providing water for irrigation and electricity for industries, these projects contribute to the overall development of the region, including the growth of agriculture, industry, and infrastructure.

However, it's worth noting that multi-purpose river valley projects can also have significant environmental and social impacts, including displacement of communities, alteration of ecosystems, and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, careful planning, environmental assessment, and mitigation measures are essential to ensure sustainable development and minimize negative consequences.