3. In the twentieth century, handloom cloth production expanded steadily: almost trebling between 1900 and 1940. How did this happen?

The expansion of handloom cloth production in the twentieth century can be attributed to several factors:

1. Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, brought about significant changes in textile production. While the advent of mechanized textile mills led to the decline of handloom weaving in some areas, it also spurred innovations and improvements in handloom technology, making handloom weaving more efficient and productive.

2. Colonial Trade: Colonial trade routes opened up new markets for handloom textiles produced in countries like India, China, and parts of Africa. Handloom textiles from these regions gained popularity in international markets due to their unique designs, craftsmanship, and quality.

3. Rural Economy: Handloom weaving often formed a significant part of the rural economy in many countries. As rural populations grew and agricultural activities became more commercialized, handloom weaving provided an additional source of income for rural families.

4. Cultural Preservation: In some regions, handloom weaving was deeply ingrained in the cultural identity of communities. Efforts to preserve traditional crafts and techniques contributed to the continued practice and expansion of handloom cloth production.

5. Labor Practices: Handloom weaving was often associated with lower labor costs compared to mechanized textile production. This made handloom textiles more affordable and competitive in both domestic and international markets.

6. Artisan Movements: Throughout the twentieth century, there were various movements advocating for the recognition and support of artisans and traditional crafts. These movements played a role in promoting handloom weaving as a viable and sustainable alternative to industrialized production methods.

Overall, a combination of technological advancements, market demand, cultural significance, and economic factors contributed to the steady expansion of handloom cloth production in the twentieth century.