How many Arabic calligraphy styles exist?

Arabic calligraphy boasts a rich diversity of styles, each with its own unique characteristics, history, and rules. The number of recognized styles may vary depending on the source and the classification criteria. However, here are some of the major and widely acknowledged Arabic calligraphy styles:

1. Kufic:

   • Description: One of the earliest forms of Arabic calligraphy, known for its angular and geometric shapes. Kufic script is often seen in early Quranic manuscripts and on Islamic architecture.

2. Naskh:

   • Description: A clear and legible script, widely used for copying the Quran and official documents. Naskh is characterized by its regular proportions and is often employed in print media.

3. Thuluth:

   • Description: An elegant and cursive script, frequently used for decorative purposes. Thuluth is known for its elongated vertical lines and is commonly found in monumental inscriptions and Islamic art.

4. Diwani:

   • Description: Diwani is a fluid and ornate script developed during the Ottoman Empire. It is often used for official documents and inscriptions on buildings.

5. Ruq'ah:

   • Description: A simplified and compact script, known for its quick and efficient writing style. Ruq'ah is commonly used in everyday handwriting and on printed materials.

6. Muhaqqaq:

   • Description: An intricate and decorative script, often used for ornamental inscriptions. Muhaqqaq is known for its complex compositions and is considered a refined style.

7. Riqa:

   • Description: A simple and straightforward script with a practical and functional design. Riqa is often used for everyday handwriting and business correspondence.

8. Maghrebi Scripts:

   • Description: Various scripts used in the Maghreb region, including Maghrebi Andalusian, Moroccan, and Algerian scripts. These scripts often exhibit unique regional characteristics.

9. Ijazah:

   • Description: A script associated with the granting of licenses or certifications in Islamic studies. Ijazah script varies but often involves a combination of Thuluth and Naskh.

10. Mushaf al-Madina:

    • Description: A script developed for the Madina Mushaf, a specific edition of the Quran. It is designed for readability and is commonly used in printed copies of the Quran.

11. Farsi Script (Nastaliq):

    • Description: While primarily used for Persian and Urdu, Nastaliq script has historical and cultural connections with Arabic calligraphy. It is known for its flowing and slanting style.

These are just some of the prominent Arabic calligraphy styles, and within each style, there may be variations and sub-styles. Calligraphers often specialize in one or more of these styles, showcasing the vast and intricate world of Arabic calligraphy.