0The adjectives a, or an, and the, are called articles. Articles introduce noun phrases as definite or indefinite. There are two types of articles.
1. Indefinite
2. Definite Indefinite
Article A or an is called the indefinite article because it leaves indefinite information on the person or things spoken of. The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound, e.g. a boy, a girl, a woman, a man, a yard, a horse, a hole, a school, a building, a University, a union, a useful thing, a European, a unicorn, a useful article, a one rupee note. The form an is used before the word beginning with a vowel or words beginning with a soft h, e.g. an apple, an elephant, an ink pot, an owl, an umbrella, an egg, an enemy, an hour, an honest man, an heir, an historical novel, an honest person. The is called the definite article because it points out some particular person or thing, e.g. the book, the doctor, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Black Sea, the Punjabis, the United States, the Vedas, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the sun, the sky, the sea, the earth, the ocean, the moon, the piano, the ninth chapter.
Verbs describe the subject's action or state. It is a “doing” word that explains what a person, place, or thing is doing, does, or has done. We can change or conjugate the subject’s action or state based on the tense and the person. E.g. play, sing, dance, fight, eat, drink, walk, run, read, write, sit, sleep, stand, laugh, look, bite, kiss, teach, etc. Transitive Verb A transitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which passes over the doer or subject to an object.
1. He sold his bicycle.
2. John built a house.
3. He kicked the ball.
4. She broke the plate.
5. Please close the door.
Intransitive Verb A intransitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which does not pass over to an object or which expresses a state or being.
1. She works hard.
2. He arrived this morning.
3. They went home.
4. The moon is shining.
5. Birds fly.
Strong Verb and Weak Verbs
There are three principal parts of a verb; from them we can form all other parts of the verb.
1. The present tense.
2. The past tense.
3. The past participle.
Verbs are divided into two clauses according to the manner in which they form the past tense from the present.
1. Strong verbs
2. Weak verbs
Strong Verbs Verbs that form the past tense by merely changing the vowel in the body of the present withouta addingan ending are called strong verbs.
Present Tense→→→→Past Tense Come→→→→→→→→Came See→→→→→→→→→Saw Write→→→→→→→→Wrote Begin→→→→→→→→Began Speak→→→→→→→→Spoke Know→→→→→→→→Knew
Weak Verbs Verbs that form their past tense by adding -ed, -t, -ought, or -ed to the present with or without any vowel-change are called weak verbs.
Present Tense→→→→→Past Tense Walk→→→→→→→→→Walked Laugh→→→→→→→→Laughed Want→→→→→→→→→Wanted Believe→→→→→→→→Believed Spend→→→→→→→→→Spent Sell→→→→→→→→→→Sold Bring→→→→→→→→Brought Buy→→→→→→→→→Bought Catch→→→→→→→→Caught
Seek→→→→→→→→→Sought Teach→→→→→→→→Taught
How to Recognise a Weak Verb from a Strong Verb A final d is present in the past tense.
Present Tense→→→→Past Tense Believe→→→→→→→→Believed Relieve→→→→→→→→Relieved Burn →→→→→→→→Burnt
Sell→→→→→→→→→Sold Tell→→→→→→→→→Told Think→→→→→→→→Thought Bring→→→→→→→→Brought Flee→→→→→→→→→Fled Catch→→→→→→→→Caught
Verb ending in d is changed to t in the past tense. Present Tense→→→→Past Tense Bend→→→→→→→→Bent Build→→→→→→→→Built Lend→→→→→→→→Lent
Send→→→→→→→→Sent Spend→→→→→→→→Spent Verbs ending in t or d which simply shorten the vowel sound in the past. Present Tense→→→→Past Tense Bleed→→→→→→→→Bled Breed→→→→→→→→Bred Feed→→→→→→→→Fed Lead→→→→→→→→Led Meet→→→→→→→→Met Shoot→→→→→→→→Shot
Verb ending in t or d which have the same forms for the present and past tense. P
Tense→→→Past Tense
Bit→→→→→→→→Bit
Cast→→→→→→→→Cast Cost→→→→→→→→Cost
But→→→→→→→→But
Hit→→→→→→→→Hit
Hurt→→→→→→→Hurt
Let→→→→→→→→Let
Put→→→→→→→→Put
Rid→→→→→→→→Rid
Set→→→→→→→→Set
Shed→→→→→→→Shed
Shut→→→→→→→Shut
Burst→→→→→→→Burst
Split→→→→→→→Split
Spread→→→→→→Spread Thrust→→→→→→Thrust
Exceptions Some verbs have two forms: strong and weak.
Present→→→Past→→→→→→Past Participle Awake→→→Awoke (Awaked)→→Awoke (Awaked) Crow→→→Crew(Crowed)→→→Crowed Hang→→→Hung (Hanged)→→→Hung (Hanged) Thrive→→→Throve (Thrived)→→Thriven (Thrived) Wake→→→Throve (Thrived)→→→Woke (Waked)
Irregular Verbs - These verbs remain the same in all three parts.
Present→→→→→Past→→→Past Participle Bet→→→→→→→Bet →→→→→Bet Burst→→→→→→Burst→→→→Burst Cast→→→→→→Cast→→→→→Cast Cost→→→→→Cost→→→→→Cost Cut→→→→→→Cut→→→→→Cut Hit→→→→→→Hit→→→→→Hit Hurt→→→→→Hurt→→→→→Hurt Let→→→→→→Let→→→→→Let Put→→→→→→Put→→→→→Put Read→→→→→Read→→→→→Read Rid→→→→→→Rid→→→→→Rid Set→→→→→→Set→→→→→Set Shut→→→→→Shut→→→→→Shut Split→→→→→Split→→→→→Split Shed→→→→→Shed→→→→→Shed Spread→→→→Spread→→→→Spread Slit→→→→→→Slit→→→→→→Slit Thrust→→→→→Thrust→→→→Thrust Broadcast→→→Broadcast→→→Broadcast Wed→→→→→Wed→→→→→→Wed
These verbs are the same in two parts.
Present→→→→→Past→→→→→→Past Participle
Beat→→→→→→Beat→→→→→→Beaten Become→→→→→Became→→→→Become Bend→→→→→→Bent→→→→→Bent Bind→→→→→→Bound→→→→→Bound Bring→→→→→→Brought→→→→Brought Build→→→→→→Built→→→→→→Built Burn→→→→→Burned/Burnt→→→→Burned/Burnt Buy→→→→→→Bought→→→→→→Bought Behold→→→→→Beheld→→→→→→Beheld Beseech→→→→→Besought→→→→→Besought Blend→→→→→→Blended→→→→→→Blended Bless →→→→→→Blessed→→→→→→Blessed Bread→→→→→→Bred→→→→→→→Bred Catch →→→→→→Caught→→→→→→Caught Creep →→→→→→Crept→→→→→→Crept Cling→→→→→→→Clung→→→→→→Clung Clothe →→→→→Clothed→→→→→Clothed Dare →→→→→→Dared→→→→→Dared Deal→→→→→→Dealt→→→→→→Dealt Dig →→→→→→Dug→→→→→→Dug Dream→→→Dreamed (Dreamt)→→→Dreamed (Dreamt) Dwell→→→→→Dwelt→→→→→Dwelt Feed→→→→→→Fed→→→→→→Fed Fell→→→→→→Felt→→→→→→Felt
Fight→→→→→→Fought→→→→Fought Find→→→→→→Found→→→→→Found Flee→→→→→→Fled→→→→→→Fled Fling→→→→→→Flung→→→→Flung Forecast→→Forecast/Forecasted →→Forecast/Forecasted Found→→→→Founded →→→→→→Founded Get→→→→→→→Got →→→→→Got Grind→→→→→→Ground→→→→Ground Hang→→→→→→Hung→→→→→→Hung Hear →→→→→→Heard→→→→→→Heard Heave→→→→→Heaved/Hove →→→Heaved/Hove Held→→→→→→Held Hold→→→→→→ Keep→→→→→→Kept→→→→→→Kept Kneel→→→Kneeled/Knelt→→→→Kneeled/Knelt Knit→→→→→→Knitted→→→→→→Knitted Lay→→→→→→→Laid→→→→→→Laid Leap→→→→Leaped/Leapt→→→→→Leaped/Leapt Learn→→→→Learned/Learnt→→→→Learned/Learnt Leave→→→→→→Left→→→→→→Left Lend→→→→→→Lent→→→→→→Lent Light→→→→Lighted/Lit→→→→→Lighted/Lit Lose→→→→→→Lost →→→→→→Lost Make→→→→→→Made →→→→→→Made Mean→→→→→→Meant→→→→→→Meant
Meet→→→→→→Met→→→→→→Met Pay→→→→→→Paid→→→→→→Paid Run→→→→→→Ran→→→→→→Ran Say→→→→→→Said→→→→→→Said Seek →→→→→Sought→→→→→→Sought Sell→→→→→→Sold→→→→→→Sold Shine→→→→→Shone→→→→→→Shone Shoot→→→→→Shot →→→→→→Shot Sit→→→→→→Sat→→→→→→→Sat Sleep→→→→→Slept→→→→→→Slept Slide→→→→→Sled→→→→→→Sled Sling→→→→→Slung→→→→→→Slung Slink→→→→→Slunk→→→→→→Slunk Smell→→→Smelled/Smelt→→→Smelled/Smelt Speed→→→→→Sped→→→→→→Sped Spell→→→→Spelled/Spelt→→→→→Spelled/Spelt Spend→→→→→→Spent→→→→→Spent Spill→→→→Spilled/Spilt→→→→→Spilled/Spilt Spoil→→→→Spoiled/Spoilt→→→→Spoiled/Spoilt Stand→→→→→→Stood→→→→→→Stood Stick→→→→→→Stuck→→→→→→Stuck Sting→→→→→→Struck→→→→→→Struck Strike→→→→→→Swept→→→→→→Swept Sweep→→→→→→Swept→→→→→→Swept Swing→→→→→→Swung→→→→→→Swung
Teach→→→→→→Taught→→→→→→Taught Tell→→→→→→→Told→→→→→→Told Think→→→→→→Thought→→→→→Thought Understand→→→→Understood→→→Understood Weep→→→→→→Wept→→→→→→Wept Win→→→→→→Won→→→→→→→Won Wind→→→→→Winded/Wound→→→Wound.
These verbs are different in all three parts Present→→→→Past→→→→→Past Participle Blow→→→→→Blew→→→→→Blown Break→→→→→Broke→→→→Broken Choose→→→→Chose→→→→Chosen Do→→→→→→Did→→→→→Done Draw→→→→→Drew→→→→Drawn Drive→→→→→Drove →→→→Driven Eat→→→→→→Ate→→→→→Eaten Fall→→→→→→Fell→→→→→Fallen Fly→→→→→→Flew→→→→→Flown Forbid→→→→→Forbade→→→Forbidden Forget→→→→→Forgot→→→→Forgotten Freeze→→→→→Froze→→→→Frozen Give→→→→→Gave→→→→→Given Go→→→→→→Went→→→→→Gone
Grow→→→→→Grew→→→→Grown Hide→→→→→Hid→→→→→Hid/Hidden Know→→→→→Knew→→→→Known Lie→→→→→→Lay→→→→→Lain Mistake→→→→Mistook→→→→Mistaken Ride→→→→→Rode→→→→→Ridden Ring→→→→→Rang→→→→→Rung Rise→→→→→Rose→→→→→Risen Saw→→→→→Sawed→→→→Sawn See→→→→→Saw→→→→→Seen Shake→→→→Shook→→→→Shaken Show→→→→Showed→→→→Showed/Shown Sing→→→→Sang→→→→→Sung Sink→→→→Sank→→→→→Sunk Sow→→→→→Sowed→→→→Sowed/Sown Speak→→→→Spoke→→→→Spoken Spring→→→→Sprang→→→→Sprung Steal→→→→→Stole→→→→→Stolen Stride→→→→→Strode→→→→Stridden Swear→→→→→Swore→→→→Sworn Swell→→→→→Swelled→→→→Swollen Swim→→→→→Swam→→→→Swum Take→→→→→Took→→→→→Taken Tear→→→→→Tore→→→→→Torn Throw→→→→Threw→→→→Thrown
Wear→→→→→Wore→→→→→Worn Write→→→→→Wrote→→→→Written
