Python

1. Introduction to Python

• History and features of Python

• Installing Python & IDEs (IDLE, PyCharm, VS Code, Jupyter)

• First Python program ("Hello World")

• Python syntax, keywords, identifiers, comments

2. Python Basics

• Data types (int, float, str, bool, complex)

• Variables and constants

• Type conversion & typecasting

• Input and output (input(), print())

• Operators (arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, bitwise)

3. Control Flow

• Conditional statements (if, if-else, elif)

• Looping (for, while)

• Loop control (break, continue, pass)

• Nested loops

4. Data Structures

• Strings: indexing, slicing, methods

• Lists: indexing, slicing, list methods, list comprehension

• Tuples: immutability, methods

• Sets: union, intersection, difference, set methods

• Dictionaries: key-value pairs, dictionary methods

• Nested data structures

5. Functions & Modules

• Defining and calling functions

• Function arguments (positional, keyword, default, variable-length *args, **kwargs)

• Return values

• Lambda functions

• Scope (local, global, nonlocal)

• Importing modules (math, random, datetime)

• Creating and using custom modules

6. File Handling

• Opening and closing files

• Reading and writing text files

• File modes (r, w, a, rb, wb)

• Working with CSV files (csv module)

• JSON handling (json module)

7. Exception Handling

• Errors vs Exceptions

• try, except, finally, else

• Raising exceptions (raise)

• Creating custom exceptions

8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Classes and objects

• Constructors (__init__)

• Attributes and methods

• Encapsulation, abstraction

• Inheritance (single, multiple, multilevel)

• Polymorphism & method overriding

• Special methods (__str__, __len__, etc.)