How does the Linux boot process work?

Title: Unveiling the Linux Boot Process: A Comprehensive Overview

Introduction: Embarking on the journey to understand the intricacies of the Linux boot process is essential for anyone delving into embedded systems. As an experienced tutor specializing in embedded process coaching on UrbanPro.com, let's unravel the layers of the Linux boot process.

1. BIOS/UEFI Initialization:

• Upon powering on, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) initializes.
• The firmware performs hardware checks, locates the bootloader, and transfers control to it.

2. Bootloader Stage:

• The bootloader, often GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader), loads into memory.
• It presents the user with boot options, including selecting the Linux kernel.

3. Linux Kernel Initiation:

• The selected Linux kernel is loaded into memory.
• Kernel initialization involves hardware detection, setting up essential data structures, and initializing key subsystems.

4. Initramfs:

• The kernel, in some cases, loads an initial RAM file system (initramfs).
• Initramfs contains essential drivers and tools needed to mount the root filesystem.

5. Root Filesystem Mounting:

• The kernel identifies and mounts the root filesystem, transitioning the system to user space.

6. Init System Initialization:

• The init system (commonly systemd) is initialized.
• It becomes the parent process and launches essential system services.

7. User Space Initialization:

• User space processes and services are initiated, contributing to a fully functional system.

8. Login Prompt or Graphical Interface:

• Finally, the system presents a login prompt or a graphical user interface (GUI), allowing user interaction.

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