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Unit 5: Human Physiology

Unit 5: Human Physiology relates to CBSE/Class 11/Science/Biology

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Unit 5: Human Physiology Questions

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Answered on 10/04/2024 Learn CBSE/Class 11/Science/Biology/Unit 5: Human Physiology/Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration

Sadika

+-------------------+ | | | Endocrine | | Glands | | | +---------+---------+ | +---------+---------+ | | ... read more


             +-------------------+
             |                   |
             |    Endocrine      |
             |      Glands       |
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |  Pituitary Gland  |
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |   Thyroid Gland   |
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |  Parathyroid Gland|
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |   Adrenal Gland   |
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |    Pancreas       |
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |     Pineal Gland   |
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |    Thymus Gland   |
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |   Ovaries (Female)|
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+
                       |
             +---------+---------+
             |                   |
             |   Testes (Male)   |
             |                   |
             +---------+---------+

Please note that the diagram represents the approximate location of the endocrine glands in the human body. The actual position and size of these glands may vary slightly from person to person.

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Answered on 10/04/2024 Learn CBSE/Class 11/Science/Biology/Unit 5: Human Physiology/Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration

Sadika

(a) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid glands, which are small endocrine glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck. Functions: Calcium Homeostasis: PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood by acting on bones, kidneys,... read more

(a) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid glands, which are small endocrine glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck.
  • Functions:
    1. Calcium Homeostasis: PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood by acting on bones, kidneys, and the intestines.
    2. Bone Resorption: PTH stimulates osteoclast activity in bones, leading to the breakdown of bone tissue and the release of calcium ions into the bloodstream.
    3. Renal Calcium Reabsorption: PTH enhances the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, reducing urinary calcium excretion and increasing blood calcium levels.
    4. Calcium Absorption: PTH indirectly promotes the absorption of calcium from the intestines by stimulating the production of active vitamin D, which enhances intestinal calcium absorption.
    5. Phosphate Regulation: PTH decreases phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased phosphate excretion in urine and decreased serum phosphate levels.

(b) Thyroid Hormones:

  • Thyroid hormones include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are produced by the thyroid gland located in the neck.
  • Functions:
    1. Metabolic Regulation: Thyroid hormones play a key role in regulating metabolism by influencing the rate of cellular energy production and consumption.
    2. Heat Production: Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate and heat production in the body, helping to maintain body temperature.
    3. Protein Synthesis: Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis in various tissues, contributing to growth, development, and tissue repair.
    4. Regulation of Heart Rate and Contractility: Thyroid hormones influence heart rate and contractility, affecting cardiac function and cardiovascular health.
    5. Neurological Function: Thyroid hormones are essential for normal neurological function, including cognition, mood regulation, and reflexes.
    6. Development: Thyroid hormones play a critical role in fetal development, particularly in the development of the central nervous system and skeletal growth.

(c) Thymosin:

  • Thymosin is a group of hormones produced by the thymus gland, which is located in the chest region behind the sternum.
  • Functions:
    1. Immune System Regulation: Thymosin plays a vital role in the development and maturation of T lymphocytes (T cells), which are crucial components of the adaptive immune system.
    2. T Cell Differentiation: Thymosin promotes the differentiation of T cells into various subtypes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells, each with distinct functions in immune responses.
    3. Immune Response: Thymosin enhances the function of T cells, helping to coordinate and regulate immune responses against pathogens, foreign substances, and cancer cells.
    4. Tolerance: Thymosin contributes to the establishment of immune tolerance, preventing autoimmune reactions and maintaining immune homeostasis.
    5. Aging and Immunity: Thymosin levels decline with age, which is associated with decreased immune function and increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases.
 
 
 
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Answered on 10/04/2024 Learn CBSE/Class 11/Science/Biology/Unit 5: Human Physiology/Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration

Sadika

(a) Hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH, also known as somatostatin) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH,... read more

(a) Hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus:

  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH, also known as somatostatin)
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH, also known as dopamine)
  • Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH, also known as thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

(b) Hormones secreted by the Pituitary Gland:

  • Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis):
    • Growth Hormone (GH)
    • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
    • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
    • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
    • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
    • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis):
    • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, also known as Vasopressin)
    • Oxytocin

(c) Hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland:

  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin

These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress response, and calcium homeostasis.

 
 
 
 
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Answered on 10/04/2024 Learn CBSE/Class 11/Science/Biology/Unit 5: Human Physiology/Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration

Sadika

An endocrine gland is a type of gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream rather than through ducts. These hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs throughout the body, where they exert their effects by binding to specific receptors.... read more

An endocrine gland is a type of gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream rather than through ducts. These hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs throughout the body, where they exert their effects by binding to specific receptors. Endocrine glands are involved in regulating various physiological processes and maintaining homeostasis by controlling functions such as metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, stress response, and electrolyte balance. Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads (testes and ovaries), and pineal gland.

 
 
 
 
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Answered on 10/04/2024 Learn CBSE/Class 11/Science/Biology/Unit 5: Human Physiology/Chapter 22-Chemical Coordination and Integration

Sadika

Hormones secreted by the ovary: Estrogens (primarily estradiol) Progesterone Inhibin Relaxin Hormones secreted by: (i) Thymus: Thymosin Thymopoietin Thymulin Atrium (Atrial): Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Kidney: Erythropoietin (EPO) Renin Calcitriol (active... read more

Hormones secreted by the ovary:

  • Estrogens (primarily estradiol)
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibin
  • Relaxin

Hormones secreted by: (i) Thymus:

  • Thymosin
  • Thymopoietin
  • Thymulin

Atrium (Atrial):

  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
  • Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

Kidney:

  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Renin
  • Calcitriol (active form of Vitamin D)

Gastrointestinal Tract (G-I Tract):

  • Gastrin
  • Secretin
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Ghrelin
  • Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
  • Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
  • Motilin
  • Somatostatin
 
 
 
 
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