India signed the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation with the Soviet Union on August 9, 1971. The treaty was signed during a period of heightened tension between India and Pakistan, leading up to the Bangladesh Liberation War. India sought support from the Soviet Union due to its longstanding relationship and strategic interests. The treaty was aimed at bolstering India's security and securing Soviet assistance in the event of conflict with Pakistan or China. Additionally, it served as a counterbalance to Pakistan's alliance with the United States.

India signed the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation with the Soviet Union on August 9, 1971. The treaty was signed during a period of heightened tension between India and Pakistan, leading up to the Bangladesh Liberation War. India sought support from the Soviet Union due to its longstanding relationship and strategic interests. The treaty was aimed at bolstering India's security and securing Soviet assistance in the event of conflict with Pakistan or China. Additionally, it served as a counterbalance to Pakistan's alliance with the United States.

The term "New International Order" doesn't refer to a singular, universally agreed-upon concept or agenda. However, it's often used to describe a desire for a reconfiguration of global politics, economics, and international relations, especially in the aftermath of significant geopolitical events such as the end of the Cold War or major shifts in global power dynamics.

The main objectives associated with discussions of a New International Order can vary widely depending on the perspective of the individual or organization using the term. Some common themes or objectives that have been associated with discussions of a New International Order include:

1. Peace and Stability: Many proponents of a New International Order argue for structures and mechanisms that promote peace and stability in the world, including through international cooperation, conflict resolution, and arms control.

2. Global Governance: There's often a call for more effective and inclusive global governance structures to address transnational issues such as climate change, terrorism, pandemics, and economic inequality. This might involve reforms to existing institutions like the United Nations or the creation of new ones.

3. Democratic Values and Human Rights: Another objective often linked to discussions of a New International Order is the promotion of democratic values, human rights, and the rule of law on a global scale. This could involve efforts to strengthen international norms and institutions related to human rights, democracy promotion, and accountability for human rights abuses.

4. Economic Development and Equity: Many proponents emphasize the importance of economic development and reducing global inequality as central goals of a New International Order. This might involve measures to promote economic growth, trade liberalization, debt relief, and development assistance, particularly for the world's poorest countries.

5. Multilateralism and Cooperation: A key aspect of many proposals for a New International Order is a commitment to multilateralism and cooperative approaches to global challenges. This contrasts with unilateralism or power politics, emphasizing the importance of dialogue, negotiation, and compromise among nations.

6. Adaptation to Global Changes: With the rapid pace of technological change, environmental degradation, demographic shifts, and other global trends, there's often a recognition of the need for new approaches and institutions that can effectively address these challenges.

Overall, the main objective of the New International Order, as understood by different actors and thinkers, is to create a more just, peaceful, and prosperous world that is better equipped to address the complex challenges of the 21st century.

To effectively compare and contrast the list of things given to the Pandyan chief (Source 3) with those produced in the village of Danguna (Source 8), we need to analyze the specifics provided in each source.

Unfortunately, without access to Source 3 and Source 8, I'm unable to provide direct quotations or specific details from these sources. However, I can offer a general approach to comparing and contrasting the two lists based on typical categories of goods and products.

1. Geographical Context: The geographical location of the Pandyan chief and the village of Danguna may influence the types of goods produced or exchanged. For instance, if the Pandyan chief resides in a coastal area, seafood might be prominent in his list, while Danguna, being a village, might focus more on agricultural products.

2. Economic Activities: Consider the primary economic activities of each region. Are they agricultural, industrial, trade-oriented, etc.? The goods produced or exchanged will reflect these economic activities. For example, if Danguna is primarily an agricultural village, its list might include crops, livestock, or handmade crafts.

3. Cultural Influences: Cultural factors can also shape the types of goods exchanged or produced. This includes traditional practices, preferences, and customs. For instance, the Pandyan chief's list might include luxury items or ceremonial goods reflective of his status, while Danguna's list might include items specific to their cultural traditions.

4. Technological Advancements: Consider the technological advancements available in each region. More technologically advanced regions might produce or exchange different types of goods compared to those with less advanced technology.

5. Trade Networks: If the Pandyan chief and Danguna are part of larger trade networks, this could influence the diversity of goods available in each location. The Pandyan chief, for instance, might have access to  goods from distant lands due to his connections, while Danguna's offerings might be more locally sourced.

6. Social Structure and Status: The social structure and status of the Pandyan chief and the villagers of Danguna can also influence the types of goods exchanged. The chief might receive tribute or gifts indicative of his high status, while the villagers might produce goods for subsistence or local trade.

Once you've identified these aspects in both sources, you can then compare and contrast them based on similarities and differences in the types of goods, their significance, and their roles within the respective communities.

Epigraphy, the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing, faces several challenges and problems. Here are some of them:

1. Decipherment: Many ancient scripts are yet to be fully deciphered, presenting a significant challenge to epigraphists. Deciphering ancient scripts requires extensive knowledge of linguistics, history, and sometimes luck.

2. Preservation: Inscriptions are subject to natural deterioration over time due to weathering, erosion, vandalism, and other environmental factors. Preservation efforts are necessary to retain these invaluable historical artifacts.

3. Fragmentation: Often, inscriptions are found fragmented, making it difficult to reconstruct the entire text. Epigraphists must carefully piece together these fragments to understand the complete message.

4. Language and Script Variation: Epigraphists encounter a wide range of languages and scripts across different cultures and historical periods. This diversity requires expertise in multiple languages and scripts to accurately interpret inscriptions.

5. Contextual Understanding: Understanding the context in which inscriptions were created is crucial for their interpretation. Epigraphists must consider factors such as historical events, cultural practices, and social structures to fully comprehend the meaning of inscriptions.

6. Forgery and Authenticity: The field of epigraphy also faces challenges related to the authenticity of inscriptions. Forgeries and tampered inscriptions can mislead researchers, requiring careful scrutiny and authentication processes.

7. Access to Resources: Access to inscriptions, particularly those located in remote or politically unstable regions, can be challenging for researchers. Limited access to resources such as archaeological sites, museums, and archives can hinder epigraphic research.

8. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Epigraphy often requires collaboration with experts from various fields such as archaeology, linguistics, history, and anthropology. Effective interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for comprehensive interpretation and analysis of inscriptions.

9. Technological Limitations: While technology has facilitated epigraphic research through techniques such as photogrammetry and digital imaging, there are still limitations in terms of equipment, software, and expertise in utilizing these technologies effectively.

10. Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations regarding the excavation, preservation, and publication of inscriptions also pose challenges for epigraphists. Respect for cultural heritage, indigenous rights, and ethical research practices is essential in epigraphic studies.