During the era of colonialism, several European powers established colonies in Asia and Africa. Some of the major colonial powers and their colonies include:

1. Britain:

   • Asia: India (including present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and parts of Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, and parts of the Middle East (including present-day Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar).
   • Africa: Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Botswana, and others.

2. France:

   • Asia: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and parts of India.
   • Africa: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Madagascar, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, and others.

3. Portugal:

   • Asia: Goa (India), Macau (China), East Timor.
   • Africa: Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe.

4. Spain:

   • Asia: The Philippines.
   • Africa: Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara), Equatorial Guinea (which also includes territory in South America).

5. Netherlands:

   • Asia: Indonesia.
   • Africa: Dutch Cape Colony (present-day South Africa), Dutch Gold Coast (present-day Ghana).

6. Belgium:

   • Africa: Congo Free State (present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rwanda, Burundi.

7. Germany:

   • Africa: German East Africa (present-day Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi), German South-West Africa (present-day Namibia), Togoland (present-day Togo and parts of Ghana), Cameroon.

8. Italy:

   • Africa: Libya, Eritrea, Somalia (partially), and briefly held parts of Ethiopia.

These are just some of the major colonial powers and their colonies in Asia and Africa. There were also other European countries and even non-European powers that established colonies during this period, albeit to a lesser extent.

Nationalism in India emerged as a response to British colonial rule and the socio-economic changes brought about by British imperialism. Several factors contributed to its emergence:

1. British Colonialism: British rule in India began in the mid-18th century and gradually expanded over the next century. The exploitation of Indian resources, economic policies favoring British interests, and the imposition of British culture and values angered many Indians and fueled resentment against colonial rule.

2. Social and Cultural Movements: During the 19th century, various social and cultural movements arose in India. These movements, such as the Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, and the Aligarh Movement, aimed at social reform, religious revivalism, and educational advancement. They played a significant role in fostering a sense of Indian identity and pride.

3. Impact of Western Ideas: The spread of Western education and ideas, particularly through the establishment of English-medium schools and colleges, exposed Indians to concepts of democracy, nationalism, and self-determination. Indian intellectuals, influenced by Western political thought, began advocating for self-rule and independence.

4. Role of Indian National Congress (INC): The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, initially served as a platform for educated Indians to communicate grievances to the British government. Over time, it transformed into a nationalist organization demanding self-governance for India. Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and later, Mahatma Gandhi, played crucial roles in shaping INC's nationalist agenda.

5. Partition of Bengal (1905): The British decision to partition Bengal in 1905, ostensibly for administrative reasons, was seen by many as a tactic to divide and rule. The ensuing protests against the partition, led by nationalist leaders like Surendranath Banerjee and Rabindranath Tagore, galvanized Indian nationalist sentiments.

6. Impact of World War I: Indian participation in World War I, combined with promises of greater self-governance from the British, raised expectations for political reforms in India. However, the failure of the British to fulfill these promises led to disillusionment and strengthened the nationalist movement.

7. Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement: Mahatma Gandhi's strategies of non-cooperation and civil disobedience against British rule, particularly during the 1920s and 1930s, mobilized millions of Indians across socio-economic and religious lines. These movements demonstrated the power of mass mobilization and civil resistance in challenging colonial authority.

Overall, nationalism in India emerged as a complex interplay of socio-economic factors, cultural revivalism, exposure to Western ideas, and organized political activism against British colonial rule.

Social class refers to a hierarchical system of stratification based on socioeconomic status, which typically includes factors such as wealth, income, education, occupation, and social standing. Individuals within a society are grouped into different social classes based on their access to resources, opportunities, and power.

Social class often influences various aspects of people's lives, including their lifestyles, access to education and healthcare, job opportunities, and overall quality of life. In many societies, social class can also play a significant role in determining an individual's social networks, cultural preferences, and sense of identity.

Social class structures can vary significantly between different societies and can change over time due to economic, political, and social factors. Despite these variations, social class remains a fundamental aspect of social organization in many societies and continues to shape individuals' experiences and opportunities.