Should you learn jQuery or AngularJS after JavaScript?

The problem with JavaScript is that very few people learn it like the way we learn other languages like C, Java etc. We try to teach ourselves by trying to search when we can't do things. Anyway the point being what you consider as learning javascript? Does it imply learning scopes, closures, objects oriented, callbacks? If you have finished learning these principles then its good.

Since you are asking this question I'll assume that you are new to web development. And I strongly recommend you to start off with Jquery. The reason being Jquery is not a framework it is a library. So Jquery doesn't force you to follow a particular code structure. You can structure you code as you wish. Take the time and try and build a small app say a note taking app?

Now just check out AngularJS. AngularJS unlike Jquery is a framework. It follows the MVC(and its derivatives) architecture. So you have a much more structured way to code whatever you like.

My take on Jquery before AngularJS is `Do you learn words first or the sentence?`. Its obviously the words. You'll appreciate Angular a lot once you have finished learning Jquery. And when nothing works for you, you can always use Jquery. I believe that one might fail to appreciate Jquery if on learnt a framework like Angular.

Because jQuery is nothing but a library for JavaScript applications, you should automatically learn it when you do web development. It helps a lot in designing UI's, animating states, etc.
Angular.js is an MVC framework, i.e., a Model-View-Controller framework; the model here is the data from a database, the view is what the user sees, that is, the Front-end and the Controller is what makes Views bind with the data. Here, you can leverage Angular.js' superb bindings, application structure, etc. and use jQuery for providing dynamic-animations to the application.
Lastly, Node.js is generally used as server-side JavaScript; so, the API which interacts with Angular can be written in Node.js. You should always remember, however, that Node.js is nothing more than JavaScript with some extra features such as AMD modules, Require.js and io.js. So, it should be pretty simple to learn.
I hope this helps! :)