Lakshmi

The Principles of Management  are fundamental guidelines for managing organizations effectively. Key principles include:

1. Division of Work: Specialization increases efficiency.
2. Authority and Responsibility: Balance of power and accountability.
3. Discipline: Adherence to rules.
4. Unity of Command: One superior per employee.
5. Unity of Direction: Coordinated efforts under one plan.
6. Subordination of Individual Interest: Organization's interest over personal.
7. Remuneration: Fair compensation.
8. Centralization: Balance between central and decentralized decision-making.
9. Scalar Chain: Clear hierarchy.
10. Order: Systematic arrangement of resources.
11. Equity: Fair treatment.
12. Stability of Tenure: Retaining employees.
13. Initiative: Encouraging employee input.
14. Esprit de Corps: Promoting team spirit.

These principles guide managers in planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational activities effectively.

Biology is the study of life and living organisms. It covers everything from the smallest microorganisms to the largest animals and plants. In simple terms, biology helps us understand how living things function, grow, reproduce, and interact with their environment.

It’s divided into various branches:
Botany: The study of plants.
Zoology: The study of animals.
Microbiology: The study of microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.

Biology also explores key concepts like:
Cell structure and function: Understanding the basic units of life.
Genetics: How traits are inherited.
Ecology: How organisms interact with each other and their surroundings.

In essence, biology helps us grasp the processes that keep living things alive and how life on Earth evolves and sustains itself.