How were the heavy elements from iron to uranium made?
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They are released in supernovae, but are made over the life of a star, over many millions and billions of years. The gravitational pressure of a star is so great that it compresses the gasses in its interior to a point that the atoms break down into a plasma state. The atomic nuclei lose their orbiting...
read more They are released in supernovae, but are made over the life of a star, over many millions and billions of years. The gravitational pressure of a star is so great that it compresses the gasses in its interior to a point that the atoms break down into a plasma state. The atomic nuclei lose their orbiting electrons into a disassociated soup of particles and groups of particles. The nuclei are forced so close together they sometimes fuse into large nuclei, such as Uranium or other heavy atoms. That is atomic fusion. It releases a tremendous amount of energy and it is what powers stars like our sun. Those nuclei which are inherently unstable break down quickly. Those which are stable may survive in the star until it explodes in a nova or supernova and the heavy elements are released into the nebula. Once the elements are in the nebula, they can condense and coalesce into new planets, stars, and other solar system bodies. Our own solar system is probably a third-generation system, with material from the previous generations stars distributed in the planets, asteroids, and icy objects. We are made of the stuff of dead stars; we are stardust. read less
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Mazespace .
In supernova explosions.
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Mazespace .
They are not made in supernovae. They are released in supernovae, but are made over the life of a star, over many millions and billions of years. The gravitational pressure of a star is so great that it compresses the gasses in its interior to a point that the atoms break down into a plasma state....
read more They are not made in supernovae. They are released in supernovae, but are made over the life of a star, over many millions and billions of years. The gravitational pressure of a star is so great that it compresses the gasses in its interior to a point that the atoms break down into a plasma state. The atomic nuclei lose their orbiting electrons into a disassociated soup of particles and groups of particles. The nuclei are forced so close together they sometimes fuse into large nuclei, such as Uranium or other heavy atoms. That is atomic fusion. It releases a tremendous amount of energy and it is what powers stars like our sun. Those nuclei which are inherently unstable break down quickly. Those which are stable may survive in the star until it explodes in a nova or supernova and the heavy elements are released into the nebula. Once the elements are in the nebula, they can condense and coalesce into new planets, stars, and other solar system bodies. Our own solar system is probably a third-generation system, with material from the previous generations stars distributed in the planets, asteroids, and icy objects. We are made of the stuff of dead stars; we are stardust. read less
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Mazespace .
The two main contributions are thought to be from the s-process and the r-process, which are both neutron capture processes that are differentiated by their speed relative beta-decay of neutron rich isotopes. Both are end-of-stellar-life processes with the S-process probably happening in the giant...
read more The two main contributions are thought to be from the s-process and the r-process, which are both neutron capture processes that are differentiated by their speed relative beta-decay of neutron rich isotopes. Both are end-of-stellar-life processes with the S-process probably happening in the giant stages of very heavy stars and the r-process probably happening in core-collapse supernovas. read less
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Mazespace .
Unlike light elements, which release energy during fusion, elements heavier than iron require energy for their creation. This happens because the nuclear binding energy is at its maximum at iron. Hence lighter elements were made in ordinary stars, using fusion. However, heavier elements were made in...
read more Unlike light elements, which release energy during fusion, elements heavier than iron require energy for their creation. This happens because the nuclear binding energy is at its maximum at iron. Hence lighter elements were made in ordinary stars, using fusion. However, heavier elements were made in supernovas, as huge amounts of extra energy are released during the explosion, some of which is used to force heavy nuclei together and create heavier elements. read less
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Mazespace .
n novas and supernovas. Collapsing stars are the only objects with enough pressure and energy to fuse heavy atomic nuclei and release them back into space.
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Both dark matter and possibly dark energy originate from the earliest days of the universe, when light elements such as helium and lithium arose. Heavier elements formed later inside stars, where nuclear reactions jammed protons and neutrons together to make new atomic nuclei. For instance, four hydrogen...
read more Both dark matter and possibly dark energy originate from the earliest days of the universe, when light elements such as helium and lithium arose. Heavier elements formed later inside stars, where nuclear reactions jammed protons and neutrons together to make new atomic nuclei. For instance, four hydrogen nuclei (one proton each) fuse through a series of reactions into a helium nucleus (two protons and two neutrons). That's what happens in our sun, and it produces the energy that warms Earth. But when fusion creates elements that are heavier than iron, it requires an excess of neutrons. Therefore, astronomers assume that heavier atoms are minted in supernova explosions, where there is a ready supply of neutrons, although the specifics of how this happens are unknown. More recently, some scientists have speculated that at least some of the heaviest elements, such as gold and lead, are formed in even more powerful blasts that occur when two neutron stars—tiny, burned-out stellar corpses—collide and collapse into a black hole. read less
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U can get info in this link http://www.as.utexas.edu/~chris/halostars.html
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