Name the horinonal composition of the contraceptive used by human females. Explain how does it act as contraceptive? 

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Hormonal Composition and Mechanism of Female Contraceptives

1. Introduction to Female Contraceptives

• Female contraceptives often contain a combination of synthetic hormones to regulate the reproductive system and prevent pregnancy.

2. Hormonal Composition

• Estrogen:

  • Most female contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen, such as ethinyl estradiol.
  • Estrogen plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preventing ovulation.

• Progestin:

  • Synthetic forms of progestin, like levonorgestrel or norethindrone, are also present in female contraceptives.
  • Progestin complements estrogen's effects and further inhibits ovulation.

3. Mechanism of Action

• Suppression of Ovulation:

  • The combined action of estrogen and progestin suppresses the release of eggs from the ovaries (ovulation).
  • By inhibiting ovulation, there is no egg available for fertilization.

• Thickening of Cervical Mucus:

  • Hormonal contraceptives alter the consistency of cervical mucus, making it thicker.
  • Thicker cervical mucus acts as a barrier, impeding the movement of sperm and reducing the chances of fertilization.

• Endometrial Changes:

  • The hormones may induce changes in the endometrial lining, making it less receptive to a fertilized egg for implantation.
  • This further contributes to the contraceptive effect.

Understanding the Contraceptive Hormones' Effectiveness

1. Hormonal Regulation

• Mimicking Pregnancy State:
  • The synthetic hormones in contraceptives create a hormonal environment similar to early pregnancy.
  • This signals the body to suppress ovulation, as it is unnecessary during a pregnancy-like hormonal state.

2. Barrier Formation

• Preventing Sperm Movement:
  • Modification of cervical mucus creates a physical barrier, hindering the movement of sperm through the cervix.
  • This reduces the likelihood of sperm reaching and fertilizing an egg.

3. Reliability and Consistency

• Consistent Daily Use:
  • Contraceptive pills need to be taken daily at the same time to maintain hormonal levels and ensure effectiveness.
  • Consistent use is crucial for reliable contraception.

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