How are the minerals absorbed by the plants?

Minerals are absorbed by plants primarily through their roots via a process known as root uptake. This process involves several steps:

1. Root Hairs: The surface area of the roots is increased by root hairs, which are tiny, finger-like projections that extend from the root epidermis into the soil. Root hairs greatly enhance the root's capacity to absorb water and minerals from the surrounding soil.

2. Active Transport: Most minerals are absorbed by active transport, which requires energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). In active transport, specialized protein pumps in the plasma membrane of root cells actively pump mineral ions against their concentration gradient from the soil solution into the root cells. This allows plants to absorb minerals even when their concentration in the soil is lower than in the plant roots.

3. Passive Diffusion: Some minerals, particularly those present in higher concentrations in the soil solution, can also enter the root cells passively through diffusion. Passive diffusion occurs when mineral ions move down their concentration gradient, from an area of higher concentration (in the soil solution) to an area of lower concentration (in the root cells). However, passive diffusion is less significant for the uptake of most minerals compared to active transport.

4. Mycorrhizal Associations: Many plants form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi, which colonize the roots and form structures called mycorrhizae. These associations significantly enhance the plant's ability to absorb minerals, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen. The fungal hyphae extend into the surrounding soil and increase the surface area available for mineral absorption, while also releasing enzymes that facilitate the breakdown of organic matter and mineral release.

Once absorbed by the roots, minerals are transported upwards through the plant via the xylem vessels, which distribute water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The minerals are then utilized for various physiological processes, including photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and structural support. Additionally, minerals may be stored in different plant tissues for future use or remobilized to support growth and development during periods of high demand.