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Sadika
(b) Mechanism of generation of light-induced impulse in the retina: In the retina, photoreceptor cells called rods and cones convert light energy into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as visual information. When light enters the eye and strikes the retina, it is absorbed by photopigments located in the outer segments of rods and cones. This absorption of light causes a change in the conformation of the photopigment molecule, leading to the activation of a signaling cascade within the photoreceptor cell. Specifically, the activation of photopigments triggers a decrease in the concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) within the photoreceptor cell, which results in the closure of cGMP-gated sodium channels in the cell membrane. This closure of sodium channels leads to hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cell, reducing its release of neurotransmitter (glutamate) onto bipolar cells. The change in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells alters the activity of bipolar cells, which in turn transmit the visual signal to retinal ganglion cells and eventually to the brain via the optic nerve. Thus, the generation of light-induced impulses in the retina involves a series of biochemical and electrical events initiated by the absorption of light by photopigments in rods and cones.
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