Distinguish cytokinesis from karyokinesis.

Cytokinesis and karyokinesis are two distinct processes that occur during cell division, specifically during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Here's how they differ:

1. Cytokinesis:

   • Cytokinesis is the process by which the cytoplasm of a parent cell is divided into two daughter cells following the completion of karyokinesis (nuclear division).
   • During cytokinesis, a cleavage furrow forms in animal cells or a cell plate forms in plant cells, dividing the cytoplasm into two separate compartments.
   • The cleavage furrow or cell plate gradually deepens until it completely separates the parent cell into two daughter cells, each containing a nucleus.
   • Cytokinesis ensures that each daughter cell receives the appropriate complement of organelles and cellular components necessary for its function.

2. Karyokinesis:

   • Karyokinesis, also known as mitosis, is the process of nuclear division in which the nucleus of a parent cell divides into two daughter nuclei, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.
   • Karyokinesis consists of several stages, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, during which the chromosomes condense, align at the metaphase plate, separate into chromatids, and migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
   • The end result of karyokinesis is the formation of two genetically identical daughter nuclei, each containing the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
   • Karyokinesis ensures the accurate distribution of genetic material to each daughter cell during cell division.

In summary, cytokinesis refers to the division of the cytoplasm, while karyokinesis refers to the division of the nucleus. Together, these processes ensure the faithful replication and distribution of cellular and genetic material to the daughter cells during cell division.