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The exine and intine of angiosperm pollen grains are primarily composed of organic materials.
Exine: The exine is the outer layer of the pollen grain wall and is primarily composed of sporopollenin, a highly resistant biopolymer. Sporopollenin is one of the most durable organic compounds known and is resistant to chemical and biological degradation. It is primarily made up of long-chain fatty acids and phenolic compounds. The exine layer provides protection to the pollen grain from various environmental stresses such as desiccation, UV radiation, and microbial attack. Additionally, the exine may also have elaborate sculpturing or ornamentation, which aids in pollen dispersal and recognition by pollinators.
Intine: The intine is the inner layer of the pollen grain wall and is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and proteins. Unlike the exine, the intine is relatively softer and less resistant to degradation. It plays a crucial role in pollen germination and pollen tube growth after pollination. The intine provides the necessary structural support and nutrients for the growing pollen tube to penetrate the stigma and reach the ovule for fertilization.
The exine and intine together provide structural integrity to the pollen grain and ensure successful pollen dispersal, pollination, and fertilization in angiosperms.
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