Heredity in plants and animals

                      HEREDITY

Important concepts of Heredity:

There are different terms in this chapter that need to be understood well to get what exactly heredity is!

1. GENETICS; It is the branch of biology where you will study about genes , human genome, characteristics features and everything about the DNA.
2. HEREDITY: Heredity is nothing but gaining the characteristics features from the parent. It is the flow of genes in the generation that defines the similarity and differences.
3. MONOHYBRID CROSS: Crossing between organisms that have atleast one different character.
4. MONOHYBRID=> Phenotypic ratio = 3:1

             Genotypic ratio=> 1:2:1

• DIHYBRID CROSS: Crossing the organisms that have two different characters.
• Phenotypic ratio=> 9:3:3:1
• PRINCIPLES OF DOMINANCE; When there are two different characters with two different factors, there only the dominant characters are expressed over recessive character. 

LAWS OF HEREDITY: 

1. LAW OF SEGREGATION;  Only one form of character can be carried by a gamete in one factor.
2. LAW  OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT; Gamet formation allows the factors to separately move and express.

• DNA: Francis and Crick in the year 1953 explained the double helix model of the DNA. Which is then studied further to understand the concept of genome.
• DNA Replication: The chromosomes are duplicated with equally distributing the genes this process is called DNA replication. It's an important life process responsible for formation of offspring.

SIGNIFICANCE OF DNA; 

• It Controls the cells directly or indirectly.
• Ensures it's equal distribution of genetic material to offsprings.
• ItRIt helps insin the RNA synthesis.
• DNAUDNA mutations and combinations which leads to change in the existing characters.

GENES: It carries genetic information to help in the making of protein.

VARIATION: Difference in characteristics or genetic information from parents to offsprings.

BIOTECHNOLOGY: The application of technological procedures on organisms  used to bring out the best from the existing creatures and modifying the lacking capacity.

RNA FINGERPRINTING Technology: It is the technology used for comparing the different DNA segments and analysing the result under gel electrophoresis.

GENETIC ENGINEERING: This is the technique used with the modern technology to bring out the desired change in the genome.

For example: To get the desired growth in plant species genetic engineering helps.

CLONING: Developing the clones in the laboratory that have similarities with the template. It is nothing but producing a copy of an original.

Willmut was successful scientist whonwho first cloned a sheep.

LIMITATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY: 

• The seeds of the modified plants are sterile in nature, as they are grown with the lab techniques.
• It's a threat to original species of the plants.

• These plants are less likely live longer .
• The food we get from these plants is hazardous for the human beings.
• Ecology is disturbed by applying biotechnological processes.