- Basically , a Method is a piece of code used for the re-usability purpose. 

- Method is of 2 types Function and Procedure

- Function is a method which returns a value to the calling place

Procedure is a method which returns nothing to the calling place.

Procedure syntax:

<procedurename>(<params>[optional])

{

    //code

}

Procedure samples:

Display()

{

     Console.WriteLine("Procedure returns no value");

}

Add(int a, int b)

{

     Console.WriteLine("Sum : "+(a+b));

}

Hence, a function always returns a value or void to the calling place and a procedure returns nothing.

C# do not support Procedure. So functions in C# should be defined with the return type.

foreach is a looping statement :

• repeats a group of statements for each element in an array or an object collection. (or)
• used to iterate through the collection/ an array to get the required information.

Advantages:

• Easy implementation.
• Least possibility of errors. [ especially when working with index based values, like in arrays. ]

Syntax:

foreach(<datatype of collection / array> <variablename> <in> <collection/array>)
{

code....

}

Example:

foreach(string courseName in coursesList)
{

code....

}

• here, coursesList is a string collection
• string courseName is called as the "loop variable" which represents the element from the collection in each iteration.
• in is the pre-defined keyword

Working style of foreach loop:

• data type of loop variable must and should be the same as the data type of the array/collection that has to be referred.
• At the time of execution, first the foreach loop goes to the array/collection, counts the number of elements & repeats the loop that many times automatically.
• At each iteration array/collection location value will be copied into loop variable.

Example 1: In the below example, we'll see how to iterate a group of int type array elements using foreach loop.

Example 2: In the below example, we'll see how to iterate a group of values in a collection.

NOTE : in .NET we've different types of collections. For example we took "List" a generic collection

Problem

You have classes that have dependencies on services or components whose concrete type is specified at design time. In this example, ClassA has dependencies on ServiceA and ServiceB. Figure 1 illustrates this.

Figure 1 
ClassA has dependencies on ServiceA and ServiceB

This situation has the following problems:

• To replace or update the dependencies, you need to change your classes' source code.
• The concrete implementations of the dependencies have to be available at compile time.
• Your classes are difficult to test in isolation because they have direct references to dependencies. This means that these dependencies cannot be replaced with stubs or mocks.
• Your classes contain repetitive code for creating, locating, and managing their dependencies.

Forces

Any of the following conditions justifies using the solution described in this pattern:

• You want to decouple your classes from their dependencies so that the dependencies can be replaced or updated with minimal or no changes to your classes' source code.
• You want to write classes that depend on classes whose concrete implementations are not known at compile time.
• You want to test your classes in isolation, without using the dependencies.
• You want to decouple your classes from being responsible for locating and managing the lifetime of dependencies.

Solution

Delegate the function of selecting a concrete implementation type for the classes' dependencies to an external component or source.

Implementation Details

The Inversion of Control pattern can be implemented in several ways. The Dependency Injection pattern and the Service Locator pattern are specialized versions of this pattern that delineate different implementations. Figure 2 illustrates the conceptual view of both patterns.

Figure2 
Conceptual view of the Service Locator and Dependency Injection patterns

For more information about these patterns, see Dependency Injection and Service Locator.

Examples

The following are example implementations of the Inversion of Control pattern:

• In the Configuration Modularity QuickStarts, the class ModuleA defined in the ModuleA project uses dependency injection to obtain a reference to the region manager service, as shown in the following code.
  C#

   

  public class ModuleA : IModule
  {
      private readonly IRegionManager _regionManager;
  
      public ModuleA(IRegionManager regionManager)
      {
          _regionManager = regionManager;
      }
  
      ...
  }
  
  

  Because the ModuleA class is instantiated by a container and an instance of the region manager service is registered with the container, the ModuleA class receives a valid instance of the region manager service when it is constructed. Note that a mock instance of the region manager service can be supplied when testing the ModuleA class by passing the mock instance in the constructor's parameter.

• The following code, extracted from the NewsModule class of the Stock Trader Reference Implementation (this class is located at StockTraderRI.Modules.News\NewsModule.cs), shows how an instance that implements the INewsController interface is obtained using the service locator pattern. The variable _container holds an instance to a container that has logic to locate a valid instance of the requested type.
  C#

   

  public void Initialize()
  {
      RegisterViewsAndServices();
      INewsController controller = _container.Resolve<INewsController>();
      controller.Run();
  }
  
  

  Note that for testing purposes, you could configure the container to return a mock instance that implements the INewsController interface instead of the real implementation. This enables you to test the NewsModule class in isolation. The following code, extracted from the NewsModuleFixture test class (located in StockTraderRI.Modules.News.Tests\NewsModuleFixture.cs), shows how the NewsModule class can be tested in isolation using a mock instance for the INewsController interface.

  C#

   

  [TestMethod]
  public void InitCallsRunOnNewsController()
  {
      MockUnityResolver container = new MockUnityResolver();
      var controller = new MockNewsController();
      container.Bag.Add(typeof(INewsController), controller);
      var newsModule = new NewsModule(container);
  
      newsModule.Initialize();
  
      Assert.IsTrue(controller.RunCalled);
  }
  
  

Liabilities

The Inversion of Control pattern has the following liabilities:

• You need to implement a mechanism that provides the dependencies that are required by the object that is being initialized.
• There is added complexity to the source code, which makes it harder to understand.