What's the difference between "ser" and "estar"?

In Spanish, both "ser" and "estar" are verbs that translate to the English verb "to be," but they are used in different contexts and convey different meanings. The choice between "ser" and "estar" depends on the specific situation and the inherent or temporary nature of the quality or condition being described.

1. Ser:

• Used to express inherent or permanent characteristics.
• Used for identity, origin, occupation, nationality, and inherent qualities.
• Generally used for things that don't change frequently.

Examples:

• "Ella es médica." (She is a doctor.) - Occupation (a relatively permanent characteristic).
• "Soy de España." (I am from Spain.) - Origin (a relatively permanent characteristic).

2. Estar:

• Used to express temporary states or conditions.
• Used for location, mood, feelings, and temporary qualities.
• Generally used for things that can change or are temporary.

Examples:

• "Estoy cansado." (I am tired.) - Temporary state (tiredness can change).
• "Estamos en el cine." (We are at the cinema.) - Location (temporary).

In summary, "ser" is used for more permanent or inherent qualities, while "estar" is used for temporary states or conditions. A helpful mnemonic to remember the difference is the acronym "DOCTOR" and "PLACE":

• DOCTOR: Descriptions, Occupations, Characteristics, Time, Origin, Relationships.
• PLACE: Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotion.

These acronyms can guide you in deciding whether to use "ser" or "estar" in a given context. Remember that mastery of "ser" and "estar" comes with practice and exposure to the language.