FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY

Objectives:

•  To understand fluid statics and fluid dynamics.
•  To understand application of mass, momentum and energy equation   in fluid flow.
• To learn various flow measurement techniques.

UNIT-I
Fluid Statics : Dimensions and units: physical properties of fluids- specific gravity, viscosity surface tension- vapor pressure and their influence on fluid motion- atmospheric gauge and vacuum pressure â?? measurement of pressure- Piezometer, U-tube and differential manometers.
Fluid Kinematics : Stream line, path line and streak lines and stream tube, classification of flows-steady & unsteady, uniform, non uniform, laminar, turbulent, rotational, and irrotational flows-equation of continuity for one dimensional flow.

UNIT-II
Fluid dynamics : Surface and body forces â??Eulerâ??s and Bernoulliâ??s equations for flow along a stream line, momentum equation and its application on force on pipe bend Closed conduit flow: Reynoldâ??s experiment- Darcy Weisbach equation- Minor losses in pipes- pipes in series and pipes in parallel- total energy line-hydraulic gradient line. Measurement of flow: pilot tube, venturimeter, and orifice meter, Flow nozzle, Turbine flow meter .

UNIT-III
Basics of Turbo Machinery : Hydrodynamic force of jets on stationary and moving flat, inclined, and curved vanes, jet striking centrally and at tip, velocity diagrams, work don and efficiency, flow over radial vanes. Hydroelectric power stations : Elements of hydro electric power station-types-concept of pumped storage plants-storage requirements, mass curve (explanation only) estimation of power developed from a given catchment area; heads and efficiencies.

UNIT-IV
Hydraulic Turbines : Classification of turbines, impulse and reaction turbines, Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine-working proportions, work done, efficiencies , hydraulic design â??draft tube theory Sfunctions and efficiency. Performance of hydraulic turbines : Geometric similarity, Unit and specific quantities, characteristic curves, governing of turbines, selection of type of turbine, cavitation, surge tank, water hammer.

UNIT-V
Centrifugal Pumps : Classification, working, work done â?? manomertic head- losses and efficiencies specific speed- pumps in series and parallel-performance characteristic curves, NPSH. Reciprocating
Pumps : Working, Discharge, slip, indicator diagrams.

UNIT-V
Dynamic Compressors : Centrifugal compressors: Mechanical details and principle of operation â??velocity and pressure variation. Energy transfer-impeller blade shape-losses, slip factor, power input factor, pressure coefficient and adiabatic coefficient â?? velocity diagrams â?? power.
Axial Flow Compressors : Mechanical details and principle of operation â?? velocity triangles and energy transfer per stage degree of reaction, work done factor - isentropic efficiency- pressure rise calculations â?? Polytropic efficiency.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. I.C. Engines / V. GANESAN- TMH
2. Thermal Engineering / Rajput / Lakshmi Publications.
3. IC Engines â?? Mathur & Sharma â?? Dhanpath Rai & Sons.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Thermal Engineering / Rudramoorthy - TMH
2. Thermodynamics & Heat Engines / B. Yadav/ Central Book Depot., Allahabad
3. Thermal Engineering â?? R.S. Khurmi & J.K.Gupta â?? S.Chand