1. Routine Livestock Farm Management Practices Animal Identification Methods: Ear tattooing, ear notching, tagging, branding, RFID tags. Weighing of Cattle: Direct method (using weighing balance) and indirect method (using body measurements). Disbudding & Dehorning: Removal of horn buds in young calves or fully grown horns in older animals. Age Determination: General appearance, horn rings, and dentition methods. Handling & Restraining of Animals: Halter, anti-cow kicker, bull nose ring, mouth gag. Castration Methods: Burdizzo, rubber band, surgical method, vasectomization, and mulling. Grooming: Helps improve skin health and milk production. Body Condition Scoring (BCS): Helps in assessing energy reserves and nutrition levels. 2. Dairy Cattle & Buffalo Management Milking Principles: Gentle, quick, complete milking; oxytocin hormone is responsible for milk letdown. Methods of Milking: Hand milking (full hand method, stripping method, knuckling method), machine milking. Drying Off: Process of stopping milk production 60 days before next calving. Steaming Up: Proper nutrition for dry cows before calving. Culling: Removing unproductive animals to maintain economic viability. 3. Sheep & Goat Management Rearing Systems: Extensive, semi-intensive, intensive. Care & Management: Breeding, feeding, and disease prevention. 4. Poultry Housing, Feeding, & Management Housing Systems: Deep litter, cage, free-range. Feeding & Nutrition: Balanced ration, importance of vitamins and minerals. Disease Control: Vaccination and biosecurity measures. 5. Livestock Diseases & Public Health Types of Diseases: Bacterial, viral, parasitic, zoonotic. Disease Prevention: Vaccination schedule for major diseases like FMD, Brucellosis, Theileriosis, Anthrax. Deworming: Essential for removing internal parasites like roundworms, tapeworms, and liver flukes. Ectoparasite Control: Spraying and dipping methods. 6. Milk, Meat & Egg Processing Milk Processing: Pasteurization, sterilization, homogenization. Meat & Egg Products: Processing and preservation techniques. Value-Added Livestock Products: Ghee, cheese, yogurt, sausages, etc. 7. Record Keeping & Herd Management Registers to Maintain: Milk yield register, health register, breeding register, feeding record. Livestock Management Software: Helps in tracking animal health, production, and reproduction. 8. Carcass Disposal Methods Burial: Proper site selection to avoid contamination. Composting: Decomposition under controlled conditions. Incineration: Burning at high temperatures. Rendering: Converting carcasses into by-products like bone meal and protein meal. These key points summarize the essential aspects of Animal Science & Technology for 12th standard students. Let me know if you need specific details on any topic!