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Find the sentences in the text where these words occur:
| erupt | surge | trace | undistinguished | casualty |
Look these words up in a dictionary which gives examples of how they are used.
Now answer the following questions.
(It is strongly recommended that students find the first part of the answer on their own.)
1. A few things that can erupt are anger, volcano, tooth, rash, riots, unrest, etc. Erupt has several meanings. Their explanation, with examples, is given as follows:
(i) Start unexpectedly
Example: Riots erupted in the city.
(ii) Start to burn or burst into flames
Example: The spark soon erupted into flames.
(iii) Become active and spew forth lava and rocks
Example: The molten lava erupted out of the active volcano.
(iv) Forceful and violent release of something pent up
Example: The difference in their views soon erupted in a fight.
(v) Sudden appearance on the skin
Example: On the day of the party, a pimple erupted on her face.
(vi) Break out
Example: Eruption of the wisdom tooth gives a lot of pain.
Things that can surge are pride, anxiety, waves, boats, army, etc. The several meanings it has can be explained with the following examples:
(i) Sudden forceful flow
Example: The boy drowned in the surging waves.
(ii) Rise and move forward
The army surged towards their enemy.
(iii) Heave upward under the influence of a natural force
Example: The boat surged in the high tide.
(iv) See one's performance improve
Example: Hard work helped to surge Sandra's scores.
(v) A sudden or abrupt strong increase
Example: The surge in the stock market left people in a shock.
(vi) Rise rapidly
Example: As time passed, her tension surged.
2. The following are the meanings of the word trace:
(i) Follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something
(ii) Make a mark or lines on a surface
(iii) To go back over again
(iv) Pursue or chase relentlessly
(v) Find or discover through investigation
(vi) Make one's course or travel along a path; travel or pass over, around, or along
(vii) Read with difficulty
The closest meaning of the word trace in the text is to find or discover through investigation.
3. No, the word undistinguished does not exist in the dictionary. However, its meaning can be derived from the meaning of the word distinguished, which denotes the special or eminent appearance or behaviour of a person. Thus, undistinguished symbolises ordinary appearance or behaviour of a person.
1. Match the phrases in Column A with their meanings in Column B.
|
| A |
| B |
| (i) | broke out | (a) | an attitude of kindness, a readiness to give freely |
| (ii) | in accordance with | (b) | was not able to tolerate |
| (iii) | a helping hand | (c) | began suddenly in a violent way |
| (iv) | could not stomach | (d) | assistance |
| (v) | generosity of spirit | (e) | persons with power to make decisions |
| (vi) | figures of authority | (f) | according to a particular rule, principle, or system |
I was a short boy with rather undistinguished looks. (un + distinguished)
My austere father used to avoid all inessential comforts.(in + essential)
The area was completely unaffected by the war.(un + affected)
He should not spread the poison of social inequality and communal intolerance. (in + equality, in + tolerance)
Now form the opposites of the words below by prefixing un- or in-. The prefix in- can also have the forms il-, ir-, or im- (for example: illiterate- il + literate, impractical- im + practical, irrational- ir + rational). You may consult a dictionary if you wish.
| _____adequate | _____acceptable | _____regular | _____tolerant |
| _____demanding | _____active | _____true | _____permanent |
| _____patriotic | _____disputed | _____accessible | _____coherent |
| _____logical | _____legal | _____responsible | _____possible |
1.
|
| A |
| B |
| (i) | broke out | (c) | began suddenly in a violent way |
| (ii) | in accordance with | (f) | according to a particular rule, principle or system |
| (iii) | a helping hand | (d) | assistance |
| (iv) | could not stomach | (b) | was unable to tolerate |
| (v) | generosity of spirit | (a) | an attitude of kindness, a readiness to give freely |
| (vi) | figures of authority | (e) | persons with power to make decision |
2.
| Inadequate | Unacceptable | Irregular | Intolerant |
| Undemanding | Inactive | Untrue | Impermanent |
| Unpatriotic | Undisputed | Inaccessible | Incoherent |
| Illogical | Illegal | Irresponsible | Impossible |
Rewrite the sentences below, changing the verbs in brackets into the passive form.
1. In yesterday's competition the prizes (give away) by the Principal.
2. In spite of financial difficulties, the labourers (pay) on time.
3. On Republic Day, vehicles (not allow) beyond this point.
4. Second-hand books (buy and sell) on the pavement every Saturday.
5. Elections to the Lok Sabha (hold) every five years.
6. Our National Anthem (compose) Rabindranath Tagore.
1. In yesterdays competition the prizes were given away by the Principal.
2. In spite of financial difficulties, the labourers were paid on time.
3. On Republic Day, vehicles are not allowed beyond this point.
4. Second-hand books are bought and sold on the pavement every Saturday.
5. Elections to the Lok Sabha are held every five years.
6. Our National Anthem was composed by Rabindranath Tagore.
Rewrite the paragraphs below, using the correct form of the verb given in brackets.
1. How Helmets Came To Be Used in Cricket
Nari Contractor was the Captain and an opening batsman for India in the1960s. The Indian cricket team went on a tour to the West Indies in 1962. In a match against Barbados in Bridgetown, Nari Contractor (seriously injure and collapse). In those days helmets (not wear). Contractor (hit) on the head by a bouncer from Charlie Griffith. Contractor's skull (fracture). The entire team (deeply concern). The West Indies players (worry). Contractor (rush) to hospital. He (accompany) by Frank Worrell, the Captain of the West Indies Team. Blood (donate) by the West Indies players. Thanks to the timely help, Contractor (save). Nowadays helmets (routinely use) against bowlers.
2. Oil from Seeds
Vegetable oils (make) from seeds and fruits of many plants growing all over the world, from tiny sesame seeds to big, juicy coconuts. Oil (produce) from cotton seeds, groundnuts, soya beans and sunflower seeds. Olive oil (use) for cooking, salad dressing etc. Olives (shake) from the trees and (gather) up, usually by hand. The olives (ground) to a thick paste which is spread onto special mats. Then the mats (layer) up on the pressing machine which will gently squeeze them to produce olive oil.
1. How Helmets Came To Be Used in Cricket
Nari Contractor was the Captain and an opening batsman for India in the 1960s. The Indian cricket team went on a tour to the West Indies in 1962. In a match against Barbados in Bridgetown, Nari Contractor got seriously injured and collapsed. In those days helmets were not worn. Contractor was hit on the head by a bouncer from Charlie Griffith. Contractor’s skull had fractured. The entire team was deeply concerned. The West Indies players were worried. Contractor was rushed to hospital. He was accompanied by Frank Worrell, the Captain of the West Indies Team. Blood was donated by the West Indies players. Thanks to the timely help, Contractor was saved. Nowadays helmets are routinely used against bowlers.
2.Oil from Seeds
Vegetable oils are made from seeds and fruits of many plants growing all over the world, from tiny sesame seeds to big, juicy coconuts. Oil is produced from cotton seeds, groundnuts, soya beans and sunflower seeds. Olive oil is used for cooking, salad dressing etc. Olives are shaken from the trees and gathered up, usually by hand. The olives are ground to a thick paste which is spread onto special mats. Then the mats are layered up on the pressing machine which will gently squeeze them to produce olive oil.
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