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Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.
(i)Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone.
(ii)Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.
Hint:Consider steric effect and electronic effect.
(i)
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The +I effect of the alkyl group increases in the order:
Ethanal < Propanal < Propanone < Butanone
The electron density at the carbonyl carbon increases with the increase in the +I effect. As a result, the chances of attack by a nucleophile decrease. Hence, the increasing order of the reactivities of the given carbonyl compounds in nucleophilic addition reactions is:
Butanone < Propanone < Propanal < Ethanal
(ii)
_27-11-08_Utpal_12_Chemistry_12_8_html_m7e4c2a56.jpg)
The +I effect is more in ketone than in aldehyde. Hence, acetophenone is the least reactive in nucleophilic addition reactions. Among aldehydes, the +I effect is the highest in p-tolualdehyde because of the presence of the electron-donating −CH3 group and the lowest in p-nitrobezaldehyde because of the presence of the electron-withdrawing −NO2 group. Hence, the increasing order of the reactivities of the given compounds is:
Acetophenone < p-tolualdehyde < Benzaldehyde
< p-Nitrobenzaldehyde
Predict the products of the following reactions:
(i)
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(ii)
_27-11-08_Utpal_12_Chemistry_12_8_html_m4127564c.jpg)
(iii)
_27-11-08_Utpal_12_Chemistry_12_8_html_63382d2e.jpg){kind=small}
(iv)
_27-11-08_Utpal_12_Chemistry_12_8_html_3ac259e4.jpg)
(i)
_27-11-08_Utpal_12_Chemistry_12_8_html_201740dc.jpg){kind=small}
(ii)
_27-11-08_Utpal_12_Chemistry_12_8_html_6a3b7966.jpg)
(iii)
_27-11-08_Utpal_12_Chemistry_12_8_html_m37ffe1ff.jpg)
(iv)
_27-11-08_Utpal_12_Chemistry_12_8_html_13788c2d.jpg)
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