Chapter 12 - Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

In this chapter, you’ll learn about organic chemistry and carbon compounds. Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of organic compounds (carbon compounds). Thus, organic chemistry deals with the structure, properties, reactions, synthesis and composition of carbon compounds.

Carbon compounds are chemical substances consisting of carbon atoms bonded with another element. In this chapter, you’ll learn about shapes of carbon compounds and some salient features of π bonds, various ways of representing organic compounds, categorisation of organic compounds, fundamental concepts in the organic reaction mechanism, and much more.

Thus, an in-depth study of Class 11 Chemistry NCERT Solutions Chapter 12 will give you a good understanding of organic chemistry, its principles and techniques.

Let’s take a look at topics and sub-topics of Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 – Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques

12.1 General Introduction

12.2 Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds

12.2.1 The Shapes of Carbon Compounds

12.2.2 Some Characteristic Features of π Bonds

12.3 Structural Representations of Organic Compounds

12.3.1Complete, Condensed and Bond-line Structural Formulas

12.3.2 Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules

12.4 Classification of Organic Compounds

12.4.1 Functional Group

12.4.2 Homologous Series

12.5 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

12.5.1 The IUPAC System of Nomenclature

12.5.2 IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes

12.5.3 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds having Functional Group(s)

12.5.4 Nomenclature of Substituted Benzene Compounds

12.6 Isomerism

12.6.1 Structural Isomerism

12.6.2 Stereoisomerism

12.7 Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism

12.7.1 Fission of a Covalent Bond

12.7.2 Substrate and Reagent

12.7.3 Electron Movement in Organic Reactions

12.7.4 Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bond

12.7.5 Inductive Effect

12.7.6 Resonance Structure

12.7.7 Resonance Effect

12.7.8 Electromeric Effect (E effect)

12.7.9 Hyperconjugation

12.7.10 Types of Organic Reactions and Mechanisms

12.8 Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds

12.8.1 Sublimation

12.8.2 Crystallisation

12.8.3 Distillation

12.8.4 Differential Extraction

12.8.5 Chromatography

12.9 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds

12.9.1 Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen

12.9.2 Detection of Other Elements

12.10 Quantitative Analysis

In Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12, you will learn –

Section 12.1 – In this section, you’ll learn what organic compounds are and their uses in our day to day lives. You’ll also learn about scientists who were involved in discovering the organic compounds and differentiating them from the inorganic ones.

Section 12.2 – In this section, you will study about shapes of organic compounds and some important features of π bonds.

Section 12.3 – In this section, you’ll learn structural representations of organic compounds such as the Lewis structure or dot structure, dash structure, condensed structure and bond line. You’ll also study some structural formulas and three-dimensional representation of organic molecules by using solid and dashed wedge formula.

Section 12.4 – In this section, you’ll learn how to classify organic compounds. You’ll also come across the functional group and the homologous series.

Section 12.5 – In this section, you’ll acquire knowledge about the nomenclature of organic compounds, the IUPAC System of Nomenclature, IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes, Nomenclature of Organic Compounds having Functional Group(s) and Substituted Benzene Compounds.

Section 12.6 – In this section, you will study about isomerism, structural isomerism such as chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional group isomerism, metamerism and stereoisomerism.

Section 12.7 – In this section, you’ll learn fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanism, fission of a covalent bond, substrate and reagent, electron movement in organic reactions, electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bond, Inductive Effect, Resonance Structure, Resonance Effect, Electromeric Effect (E effect), Hyperconjugation and Types of Organic Reactions and Mechanisms.

Section 12.8 – In this section, you’ll acquire knowledge about various methods of purification of organic compounds such as sublimation, crystallisation, distillation (fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation), differential extraction and chromatography (Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Partition Chromatography).

Section 12.9 – In this section, you’ll learn qualitative analysis of organic compounds, detection of carbon and hydrogen, detection of other elements by, ‘Lassaigne’s test’ such as nitrogen, sulphur, halogens, phosphorus.

Section 12.10 – In this section, you’ll acquire knowledge about quantitative analysis, its uses, analysis of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus, oxygen and methods used in this analysis.

In this chapter, you are provided with several examples with their solutions for a clear understanding of Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques. To know more about NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12, you should explore the exercises mentioned in this chapter. You can also download the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 12 PDF, solved by our science experts.