Marvel Academy

The French people thought that it was the mission of the advanced countries like them to bring the benefits of civilisation to the backward Vietnamese culture.
The four features of the education being given in the Tonkin Free School were
(i) This school was started to provide Western style education.
(ii) In the new education system, more stress was given to science, hygiene and French.
(iii) Alongwith the education, these schools encouraged the adoption of Western style such as having a short haircut.
(iv) These schools also encouraged the students to wear Western clothes and play Western games like, tennis.
For the traditional Vietnamese, ‘having short haircut’ was a major cultural setback as they traditionally kept long hair. Thus, the establishment of new schools gave a major setback to the Vietnamese traditional culture.

By the 19th century, British manufactures flooded the Indian market. Foodgrains and raw materials exported from India to Britain. But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. .
So, Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ with India. A trade surplus is a positive balance of trade, where a country’s exports exceed its imports. Britain used its surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries i.e. with countries from which Britain was importing more than it was selling to. In this way, a multilateral settlement system works.
This system allows one country’s deficit with another country to be settled by its surplus with a third country. India played a significant role in the late 19th century world economy by helping Britain to balance its deficits.