Aswath

The Hindi language is written in the Devanagari script, which consists of 11 vowels and 33 consonants. Here are the vowels and consonants of the Hindi alphabet in Devanagari script:

Vowels (स्वर - Swar):

1. अ (a)
2. आ (ā)
3. इ (i)
4. ई (ī)
5. उ (u)
6. ऊ (ū)
7. ऋ (ṛ)
8. ॠ (ṝ)
9. ऌ (ḷ)
10. ॡ (ḹ)
11. ए (e)
12. ऐ (ai)
13. ओ (o)
14. औ (au)

Consonants (व्यंजन - Vyanjan):

1. क (ka)
2. ख (kha)
3. ग (ga)
4. घ (gha)
5. ङ (ṅa)
6. च (ca)
7. छ (cha)
8. ज (ja)
9. झ (jha)
10. ञ (ña)
11. ट (ṭa)
12. ठ (ṭha)
13. ड (ḍa)
14. ढ (ḍha)
15. ण (ṇa)
16. त (ta)
17. थ (tha)
18. द (da)
19. ध (dha)
20. न (na)
21. प (pa)
22. फ (pha)
23. ब (ba)
24. भ (bha)
25. म (ma)
26. य (ya)
27. र (ra)
28. ल (la)
29. व (va)
30. श (śa)
31. ष (ṣa)
32. स (sa)
33. ह (ha)

Bengali and Hindi are both Indo-Aryan languages, which means they share some linguistic similarities despite having distinct grammar, vocabulary, and script. Here are some commonalities between Bengali and Hindi:

1. Indo-Aryan Family: Both Bengali and Hindi belong to the Indo-Aryan language family, which traces its roots back to Sanskrit.

2. Shared Vocabulary: While Bengali and Hindi have distinct vocabularies, they also share many words due to their common Indo-Aryan heritage. Words related to family relations, basic verbs, numerals, and common nouns often have similar roots in both languages.

3. Phonetic Similarities: Bengali and Hindi share some similar phonetic sounds. However, the pronunciation of certain consonants and vowels may vary slightly between the two languages.

4. Grammar Structure: Both Bengali and Hindi have similar grammatical structures, including aspects such as noun declensions, verb conjugations, tenses, and sentence formations. However, there are differences in the specific rules and usage patterns.

5. Influence of Sanskrit: Both languages have been influenced by Sanskrit, the ancient Indo-European language. Many words and grammatical structures in Bengali and Hindi are derived from Sanskrit.

6. Geographical and Cultural Influences: Bengali and Hindi have been influenced by the cultures and languages of the regions where they are spoken. Both languages have absorbed vocabulary and linguistic features from neighboring languages and dialects.

In India, each state has its own official language(s) alongside Hindi and English, which are recognized as official languages at the national level. However, there isn't a state in India where Hindi is entirely absent. Hindi is one of the scheduled languages of the Constitution of India and is spoken and understood by a significant portion of the population throughout the country.

That said, some states predominantly use languages other than Hindi for official purposes and as the primary means of communication. For instance:

1. Tamil Nadu predominantly uses Tamil.
2. Kerala predominantly uses Malayalam.
3. Karnataka predominantly uses Kannada.
4. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana predominantly use Telugu.
5. West Bengal predominantly uses Bengali.
6. Maharashtra predominantly uses Marathi.
7. Punjab predominantly uses Punjabi.

However, Hindi is still understood and spoken by many people in these states due to its widespread usage across India.