Database Genral Interview question

Q:

What is SQL?

A:

SQL stands for 'Structured Query Language'.

Q:

What is SELECT statement?

A:

The SELECT statement lets you select a set of values from a table in a database. The values selected from the database table would depend on the various conditions that are specified in the SQL query.

Q:

How can you compare a part of the name rather than the entire name?

A:

SELECT * FROM people WHERE empname LIKE '%ab%'
Would return a recordset with records consisting empname the sequence 'ab' in empname .

Q:

What is the INSERT statement?

A:

The INSERT statement lets you insert information into a database.

Q:

How do you delete a record from a database?

A:

Use the DELETE statement to remove records or any particular column values from a database.

Q:

How could I get distinct entries from a table?

A:

The SELECT statement in conjunction with DISTINCT lets you select a set of distinct values from a table in a database. The values selected from the database table would of course depend on the various conditions that are specified in the SQL query. Example
SELECT DISTINCT empname FROM emptable

Q:

How to get the results of a Query sorted in any order?

A:

You can sort the results and return the sorted results to your program by using ORDER BY keyword thus saving you the pain of carrying out the sorting yourself. The ORDER BY keyword is used for sorting.

SELECT empname, age, city FROM emptable ORDER BY empname

Q:

How can I find the total number of records in a table?

A:

You could use the COUNT keyword , example

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM emp WHERE age>40

Q:

What is GROUP BY?

A:

The GROUP BY keywords have been added to SQL because aggregate functions (like SUM) return the aggregate of all column values every time they are called. Without the GROUP BY functionality, finding the sum for each individual group of column values was not possible.

Q:

What is the difference among "dropping a table", "truncating a table" and "deleting all records" from a table.

A:

Dropping : (Table structure + Data are deleted), Invalidates the dependent objects ,Drops the indexes

Truncating: (Data alone deleted), Performs an automatic commit, Faster than delete

Delete : (Data alone deleted), Doesn’t perform automatic commit

Q:

What are the Large object types suported by Oracle?

A:

Blob and Clob.

Q:

Difference between a "where" clause and a "having" clause.

A:

Having clause is used only with group functions whereas Where is not used with.

Q:

What's the difference between a primary key and a unique key?

A:

Both primary key and unique enforce uniqueness of the column on which they are defined. But by default primary key creates a clustered index on the column, where are unique creates a nonclustered index by default. Another major difference is that, primary key doesn't allow NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only.

Clustered And Non Clustered - The difference is that Clustered index is unique for any given table and we can have only one clustered index on a table. The leaf level of a clustered index is the actual data and the data is resorted in case of clustered index. Whereas in case of non-clustered index the leaf level is actually a pointer to the data in rows so we can have as many non-clustered indexes as we can on the db. (Clustered can be only 1 for a table while Non CLustered Can be upto 249)

Q:

What are cursors? Explain different types of cursors. What are the disadvantages of cursors? How can you avoid cursors?

A:

Cursors allow row-by-row prcessing of the resultsets.

Types of cursors: Static, Dynamic, Forward-only, Keyset-driven. See books online for more information.

Disadvantages of cursors: Each time you fetch a row from the cursor, it results in a network roundtrip, where as a normal SELECT query makes only one rowundtrip, however large the resultset is. Cursors are also costly because they require more resources and temporary storage (results in more IO operations). Furthere, there are restrictions on the SELECT statements that can be used with some types of cursors.

Most of the times, set based operations can be used instead of cursors.

Q:

What are triggers? How to invoke a trigger on demand?

A:

Triggers are special kind of stored procedures that get executed automatically when an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE operation takes place on a table.

Triggers can't be invoked on demand. They get triggered only when an associated action (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) happens on the table on which they are defined.

Triggers are generally used to implement business rules, auditing. Triggers can also be used to extend the referential integrity checks, but wherever possible, use constraints for this purpose, instead of triggers, as constraints are much faster.

Q:

What is a join and explain different types of joins.

A:

Joins are used in queries to explain how different tables are related. Joins also let you select data from a table depending upon data from another table.

Types of joins: INNER JOINs, OUTER JOINs, CROSS JOINs. OUTER JOINs are further classified as LEFT OUTER JOINS, RIGHT OUTER JOINS and FULL OUTER JOINS.

Q:

What is a self join?

A:

Self join is just like any other join, except that two instances of the same table will be joined in the query.