Verbs and types

Verbs are words that express action or state of being, and they are an essential part of a complete sentence.

There are three types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs.

ACTION VERBS

Action verbs are words that express action (ex: give, eat, walk, etc.) or possession (have, own, etc.). Action verbs

can be either transitive or intransitive.

TRANSITIVE VERBS

A transitive verb always has a noun that receives the action of the verb. This noun is called the direct

object.

EXAMPLE: Laurissa raises her hand.

(The verb is raises. Her hand is an object receiving the verb's action. Therefore, raises is a

transitive verb.)

Transitive verbs sometimes have indirect objects, which name the object to whom or for whom the action

was done.

EXAMPLE: Jantzen gave Becky the pencil.

(The verb is gave. The direct object is the pencil. [What did he give? the pencil]. The indirect

object is Becky. [To whom did he give it? to Becky.])

INTRANSITIVE VERBS

An intransitive verb never has a direct or indirect object. Although an intransitive verb may be followed

by an adverb or adverbial phrase, there is no object to receive its action.

EXAMPLE: Laurissa rises slowly from her seat.

(The verb is the word, rises. The words, slowly from her seat, modify the verb. But there is

no object that receives the action.)

TRANSITIVE OR INTRANSITIVE?

To determine whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, follow these two steps:

1. Find the verb in the sentence.

EXAMPLE 1: Dustin will lay down his book. What is the action? will lay

EXAMPLE 2: His book will lie there all day. What is the action? will lie

2. Determine whether the verb has a direct object. Ask yourself, "What is receiving the action of the

verb?" If there is a noun receiving the action of the verb, then the verb is transitive. If there is no

direct object to receive the action, and if the verb does not make sense with a direct object, then it is

intransitive.

EXAMPLE 1: Dustin will lay

down his book.

Dustin will lay

down what?

his book. Since the verb can take a direct

object, it is transitive.

EXAMPLE 2: His book will

lie there all day.

His book will

lie what?

nothing.

It does not make sense to "lie

something." Since the verb

does not make sense with a

direct object, it is intransitive.

NOTE: Some verbs can be transitive in one case but intransitive in another.

INTRANSITIVE: Becky walked to school. (No direct object).

TRANSITIVE: Becky walked the dog to school. (The direct object is the dog.)

Grammar Th Valley State College Writing Center

LINKING VERBS

A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that renames or describes it. This

noun or adjective is called the subject complement.

EXAMPLES: Jason became a business major.

(The verb, became, links the subject, Jason, to its complement, a business major.)

Lisa is in love with Jason.

(The verb, is, links the subject, Lisa, to the subject complement, in love with Jason, which

describes Lisa.)

The most common linking verb is the verb to be in all of its forms (am, are, is, was, were, etc.). This verb may

also be used as a helping verb (see next section). Two other common linking verbs, to become and to seem, are

always used as linking verbs.

Other verbs may be linking verbs in some cases and action verbs in others:

to appear to feel to look to remain to stay to taste

to continue to grow to prove to sound to smell to turn

LINKING: Libby appeared happy. (Appeared links Libby to the subject complement, happy.)

ACTION: Deon suddenly appeared. (Here, appeared is an intransitive action verb.)

HELPING VERBS

Helping verbs are used before action or linking verbs to convey additional information regarding aspects of

possibility (can, could, etc.) or time (was, did, has, etc.). They are also called auxiliary verbs. The main verb with

its accompanying helping verb is called a verb phrase.

EXAMPLES: Teju is (helping verb) going (main verb) to Florida.

The trip might (helping verb) be (main verb) dangerous.

The following words, called modals, always function as helping verbs:

can may must shall will

could might ought to should would

EXAMPLES: Tanya could learn to fly helicopters. (Could helps the main verb, learn.)

Janine will drive to Idaho tomorrow. (Will helps the main verb, drive.)

In addition, the following forms of the verbs to be, to do, and to have sometimes serve as helping verbs. (Note:

In other cases, they may serve as action or linking verbs.)

am be being do had have was

are been did does has is were

HELPING: Jana is moving to a new house.

LINKING: Jana is ready to go.

HELPING: Dustin did eat his vegetables!

ACTION: Dustin did his homework last night. (transitive verb)

HELPING: Erin has jumped off the cliff.

ACTION: Erin has a good attitude. (transitive verb)