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Learn Exercise 11.2 with Free Lessons & Tips

Show that the three lines with direction cosines

 are mutually perpendicular.

Two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2, are perpendicular to each other, if l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0

(i) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we obtain

Therefore, the lines are perpendicular.

(ii) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we obtain

Therefore, the lines are perpendicular.

(iii) For the lines with direction cosines, and , we obtain

Therefore, the lines are perpendicular.

Thus, all the lines are mutually perpendicular.

Comments

Show that the line through the points (1, −1, 2) (3, 4, −2) is perpendicular to the line through the points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).

Let AB be the line joining the points, (1, −1, 2) and (3, 4, − 2), and CD be the line joining the points, (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6).

The direction ratios, a1, b1, c1, of AB are (3 − 1), (4 − (−1)), and (−2 − 2) i.e., 2, 5, and −4.

The direction ratios, a2, b2, c2, of CD are (3 − 0), (5 − 3), and (6 −2) i.e., 3, 2, and 4.

AB and CD will be perpendicular to each other, if a1a2 + b1b2+ c1c2 = 0

a1a2 + b1b2+ c1c2 = 2 × 3 + 5 × 2 + (− 4) × 4

= 6 + 10 − 16

= 0

Therefore, AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.

Comments

Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the points (−1, −2, 1), (1, 2, 5).

Let AB be the line through the points, (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4), and CD be the line through the points, (−1, −2, 1) and (1, 2, 5).

The directions ratios, a1, b1, c1, of AB are (2 − 4), (3 − 7), and (4 − 8) i.e., −2, −4, and −4.

The direction ratios, a2, b2, c2, of CD are (1 − (−1)), (2 − (−2)), and (5 − 1) i.e., 2, 4, and 4.

AB will be parallel to CD, if

Thus, AB is parallel to CD.

Comments

Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector.

It is given that the line passes through the point A (1, 2, 3). Therefore, the position vector through A is

It is known that the line which passes through point A and parallel to is given by is a constant.

This is the required equation of the line.

Comments

Find the equation of the line in vector and in Cartesian form that passes through the point with position vector  and is in the direction .

It is given that the line passes through the point with position vector

It is known that a line through a point with position vector and parallel to is given by the equation,

This is the required equation of the line in vector form.

Eliminating λ, we obtain the Cartesian form equation as

This is the required equation of the given line in Cartesian form.

Comments

Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point

(−2, 4, −5) and parallel to the line given by

It is given that the line passes through the point (−2, 4, −5) and is parallel to

The direction ratios of the line, , are 3, 5, and 6.

The required line is parallel to

Therefore, its direction ratios are 3k, 5k, and 6k, where k ≠ 0

It is known that the equation of the line through the point (x1, y1, z1) and with direction ratios, a, b, c, is given by

Therefore the equation of the required line is

Comments

The Cartesian equation of a line is . Write its vector form.

The Cartesian equation of the line is

The given line passes through the point (5, −4, 6). The position vector of this point is

Also, the direction ratios of the given line are 3, 7, and 2.

This means that the line is in the direction of vector,

It is known that the line through position vector and in the direction of the vector is given by the equation,

This is the required equation of the given line in vector form.

Comments

Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the lines that pass through the origin and (5, −2, 3).

The required line passes through the origin. Therefore, its position vector is given by,

The direction ratios of the line through origin and (5, −2, 3) are

(5 − 0) = 5, (−2 − 0) = −2, (3 − 0) = 3

The line is parallel to the vector given by the equation,

The equation of the line in vector form through a point with position vector and parallel to is,

The equation of the line through the point (x1, y1, z1) and direction ratios a, b, c is given by,

Therefore, the equation of the required line in the Cartesian form is

Comments

Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the line that passes through the points (3, −2, −5), (3, −2, 6).

Let the line passing through the points, P (3, −2, −5) and Q (3, −2, 6), be PQ.

Since PQ passes through P (3, −2, −5), its position vector is given by,

The direction ratios of PQ are given by,

(3 − 3) = 0, (−2 + 2) = 0, (6 + 5) = 11

The equation of the vector in the direction of PQ is

The equation of PQ in vector form is given by,

The equation of PQ in Cartesian form is

i.e.,

Comments

Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:

(i)

(ii) and

(i) Let Q be the angle between the given lines.

The angle between the given pairs of lines is given by,

The given lines are parallel to the vectors, and , respectively.

(ii) The given lines are parallel to the vectors, and , respectively.

Comments

Find the angle between the following pairs of lines:

(i) 

(ii) 

  1. Let and be the vectors parallel to the pair of lines, , respectively.

and

The angle, Q, between the given pair of lines is given by the relation,

2. Let be the vectors parallel to the given pair of lines, and , respectively.

If Q is the angle between the given pair of lines, then

Comments

Find the values of p so the line and

are at right angles.

The given equations can be written in the standard form as

and

The direction ratios of the lines are −3,, 2 and respectively.

Two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2, are perpendicular to each other, if a1a2 + b1 b2 + c1c2 = 0

Thus, the value of p is .

Comments

Show that the lines and are perpendicular to each other.

The equations of the given lines areand

The direction ratios of the given lines are 7, −5, 1 and 1, 2, 3 respectively.

Two lines with direction ratios, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2, are perpendicular to each other, if a1a2 + b1 b2 + c1c2 = 0

∴ 7 × 1 + (−5) × 2 + 1 × 3

= 7 − 10 + 3

= 0

Therefore, the given lines are perpendicular to each other.

Comments

Find the shortest distance between the lines

The equations of the given lines are

It is known that the shortest distance between the lines, and , is given by,

d = ????(b1×b2).(a2a1)???b1×b2???????d = b1→×b2→.a2→-a1→b1→×b2→

Comparing the given equations, we obtain

Substituting all the values in equation (1), we obtain

Therefore, the shortest distance between the two lines is units.

Comments

Find the shortest distance between the lines  and 

The given lines are and

It is known that the shortest distance between the two lines, , is given by,

Comparing the given equations, we obtain

Substituting all the values in equation (1), we obtain

Since distance is always non-negative, the distance between the given lines is units.

Comments

Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are

The given lines are and

It is known that the shortest distance between the lines, and , is given by,

Comparing the given equations with and , we obtain

Substituting all the values in equation (1), we obtain

Therefore, the shortest distance between the two given lines is units.

Comments

Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are

The given lines are and 

It is known that the shortest distance between the lines,  and , is given by,

Comparing the given equations with  and , we obtain 

Substituting all the values in equation (1), we obtain

Therefore, the shortest distance between the two given lines is units.

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